Event: A primary actor or agent that has long lasting, international repercussions.
EXPANSION OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
WHO: InnerAsian tribesman from modern day Mongolia, led by Genghis Khan, were an
organized, military force that invaded and conquered most of inner Asia
WHEN: Between 12201259, when they were stopped by Egyptians, basically during 13 th
century and fell apart during 14 century
WHERE: They travelled mostly southwest; they didn’t go northeast because of a Treaty
with Russia
WHY:
They were interested in expansion, development of new trade routes, gaining new
information, technology, knowledge
The ‘Little Ice Age’ between 12001800 meant that much of their land was frozen,
perhaps they were travelling south to get pastoral land = impact of climate
Responding to an Insult by Muslim world, so they wanted to expand as much as
they could into the Islamic world?
HOW:
They were so successful because they came into contact with disunited, weak,
localized empires of Asia, all the way from China to Turkey, therefore they were
easy to conquer large pieces of land
Had good military organization, use of personal mission and horsemanship made
travelling lighter and easier
Mongols recognized their weaknesses and would make alliances when necessary,
when they were restricted logistically, ex: Muscovy
Tactics of retreat and entrapment
Took no prisoners, made ultimatum to either surrender or be killed, led to mass
death in cities in many cases
LEGACIES:
1. First stage of globalization
o Modern world was beginning to form as the Mongols created integration
and trade connections
o Unification of a vast geographical area, facilitated trade and cultural
exchange
2. PostMongol Centralized states:
o Resulted in the largest empire, 6000 miles, 34 X the size of the Roman
Empire, uniting China, Eastern Europe and Muslim China
o Strong Mongol leadership created centralized states amongst the
previously disunited Asian countries o You originally had one huge Mongol Empire as a result and then the land
was distributed amongst grandchildren, reflecting their inheritance
patterns (rather than going to the son, it was split up amongst
grandchildren, so the empire was broken up)
o National monarchies in Europe, Ottoman Sultans in Anatolia, Safavids in
Persia, Mughals in India, Ming in China
o Mass death caused by diseases gave ruling group the opportunity to
consolidate power, through marriage, new armies, taxes, centralized
systems
th
o State rebuilding in 14 century, political and economic collapse
o Religious beliefs and institutions remained, something new appeared
though = radically different dynasties in Europe, Anatolia, Persia, Iran,
India, China
o MILITARY REVOLUTION: New technology and skills, arms race of
military build up, armies drove states
First stage: small polities without tax base, skilled warriors (like
Mongols) with low technology weapons, inexpensive
Second stage: High technology weapons introduced such as cross
bows (came before guns and canons), required centralized states
with large tax bases and mass recruits or mercenaries, you didn’t
need skilled soldiers because you could use new technology
lethally without being skilled
Technology totally transformed state because in order to produce
high technology weapons you needed strong tax base
Connection between size of land and type of technology
Mongols had united and created large, centralized state, very
different from fragmented, small states in Europe that hadn’t been
directly affected by Mongols
More advanced further west?
Ultimately created large, centralized states with economic systems
of taxation
o Wherever the Mongols went, they assimilated to their culture, in east
became Buddhism and in west became Muslim
o They settled down and married local people, melting into the system
within the course of a century
o Under Yuan in China (12791368) and Illkhans in Persia (12561353) they
established a “Secular code of law” called Yasa, also a postal service,
customs service, etc.
3. Diseases spread causing population to decline:
o Diseases had been largely localized until the Mongols integrated people
o Created a common pathogenic/disease environment throughout the
massive land mass they’d united
o Trading networks spread diseases
o Metazoonic diseases spread through an invertebrate arthpod transmit such
as fleas (plague) or mosquitos (malaria) o 1320: First outbreak in China, Mongolia, Southeast Asia
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