FIN 300 Midterm: FIN300 - Midterm Crib Sheet
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1a- What are the direct costs and indirect costs of financial distress, from default that leads to bankruptcy? Explain in a well-stated description and discussion, not over a page in length.
1b- What are the impacts of the following on BECA Corporation's value, given the following information? SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS, and make a summary about the impact on equity owners between leveraged and unleveraged capital structures, and the impact on firm value from Financial Distress Costs.
BECA Corporation faces an uncertain future in a challenging business environment. Due to increased competition from foreign imports, its revenues have fallen dramatically in the past year. BECA's managers hope that a new product in the company's pipeline of new products will restore its fortunes. While the new product represents a significant advance over BECA's competition, whether that product will be a hit with consumers remains uncertain. If it is a hit, revenues and profits will grow, and BECA will be worth $200 million at the end of the year. If it fails, BECA will be worth only $130 million at the end of the year.
BECA Corporation may employ one of two alternative capital structures at the beginning of the year to provide the funding for this new project: (1) it can use all equity financing or (2) it can use debt that matures at the end of the year with a total of $150 million due.
Look first at the consequences of these capital structures when the new product succeeds, and when the new product fails, in a setting of perfect capital markets. Calculate what the debt and equity values will be for success and for failure, in both the unlevered and levered capital structures, at the end of the year. Show the totals to all investors (debt + equity) as well.
Now, since it has been assumed that BECA Corporation is operating in a perfect capital market, according to the M&M Proposition I, the investors (debt and equity total) will NOT be worse off because BECA may have some leverage at the beginning of the year. In other words, the value of BECA will be the same whether it has incurred the $150M of debt or not.
So, you are to show if that is indeed the case for BECA Corporation, under the following scenario.
Suppose the risk-free rate is 5%, and BECA's new product is equally likely to succeed or to fail. For simplicity, suppose that BECA's cash flows are unrelated to the state of the economy (i.e., the risk is diversifiable), so that the project has a Beta coefficient of 0 and the cost of capital is the risk-free rate. Compute the value of BECA's securities (that means both debt and equity, as applicable) at the beginning of the year with and without the $150M debt, and show whether or not the M&M Proposition I holds. That is, show if the value of the securities with or without leverage (the debt of $150M) have the same total value or not.
Now, to "get at" the value, VL or VU of the BECA Corporation, you have to discount the value of the cash flows to investors, per equation 9.23 in Chapter 9. But, what you need to know about the M&M Propositions is they assumed that the entire earnings (EBIT) in each year are paid out to the shareholders in the form of dividends or to the debtholders in the form of interest. So, regardless, the owners of the firm receive all the cash flows. So, for equation 9.23, you only have one year of FCFs, and the discount rate is 5%. What is the FCF? Since it is all of the cash flows with no taxes existing, and all of it is paid out to the equity and debt holders in a perfect capital market, what you find out is that the numerator is nothing more than the equity or debt values you calculated above. This is illustrated in Example 16.1 on page 554 of the texbook (I just provided an explanation of why the equity and debt values are used in the numerator instead of cash flows...in this case, they are the same).
2.Suppose you are a rational investor and looking at the following tax rates:
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(The 2012 tax rates were revised in 2013 by the U.S. Congress, and signed into law by the President, but that is for information only). The tax rates shown are for financial assets held for one year or more. For assets held less than one year, capital gains are taxed at the ordinary income tax rate (currently 35% for the highest bracket); the same is true for dividends if the assets are held for less than 61 days.
Your assignment: What is the effective dividend tax rate for a buy and hold individual investor in 2006 ?
Show all of your calculations.
International Research Journal of Applied Finance ISSN 2229 â 6891
Vol. VI Issue â 8 August, 2015 Case Study Series
A Stock Valuation Case: An Application of the âMethod of Comparablesâ for Macyâs Shares
Halil D. Kaya* ,Julia S. Kwok
Abstract
The primary focus of this case is the application of the âMethod of Comparablesâ in the estimation of the value of a security. An investment decision will be made based on the comparison of the selling price and the estimated value. A security will be good for purchase if the estimated value is higher than the market price. This method utilizes basic financial ratios that are commonly provided by financial web sites. First, using Yahoo Finance website, the pricing, sales, book value of equity and shares outstanding data are collected for both the target firm and the competitor firms. Then, the pricing multiples (i.e. price earnings ratio, price to sales ratio and price to book ratio) of the competitors are calculated. After that, those multiples along with the target firmâs earnings, sales, book value and shares outstanding data are used to estimate target firmâs share value. The case also examines the impact of treating ânegativesâ in the data. Students will learn that replacing negative earnings with zeros tend to induce less bias in target firmâs value estimation than excluding the ânegativeâ data altogether.
Introduction
March 14, 2015 was a sunny day. Mary took advantage of the nice weather to have lunch at the Mall. On her way back to work, she walked by Susanâs investment office. Susan was Maryâs college roommate. They both liked shopping together to find new fashionable clothes. Looking at her watch, Mary realized she had half an hour to spend. She thought she would drop by and say hello to Susan.
The Performance of Macyâs
âHi, Susan, how are you?â How is your business?â said Mary. Susan was a recent finance graduate. Susan replied, âI am doing fine. Thank you. After so many years, the market is still recovering from the mortgage crisis; many investors have been buying back stocks that they have sold during the crisis. What are you up to?â âI want to start my investment in securities, too. I have a couple thousand dollars, would Macyâs be a good stock to invest in now? That was our favorite store to shop among all of the department stores,â Mary exclaimed. She added, âAlso, I read from Motleyâs Foolâs article on Macyâs today about its earnings per share growth for the last 16 quartersâ (Zahid Waheed, 2014).
In response to Maryâs questions, Susan checked the monthly adjusted returns of Macyâs in Yahoo Finance. She found that, since March 2010, Macyâs stock price had an average annual increase of 23.5% over the last 5 years. The stock rose from $19.98 to $57.38. Susan then told Mary that Macyâs was indeed a growing stock. She added that its success could be attributed to the omni-channel integration, e-commerce and magic selling strategies which allowed merging of sales channels, online shopping and better customer care. Since investment strategy 101 is to buy low, and sell high, given Macyâs stock price had been going up, Susan was not sure whether Macyâs was currently overvalued or undervalued by the market.
The Method of Comparables
Susan remembered her class lecture on the two types of valuation of stocks, namely absolute and relative evaluation. The absolute evaluation focuses on finding the intrinsic value of the security based on fundamentals. That involves more complicated models of discounting cash flows from dividends, operations and residual income.
On the other hand, relative evaluation is quick and easy to use. It assumes two similar securities should sell for one price in an efficient market, i.e. âLaw of One Price.â So an analyst can estimate its stock price by multiplying target companyâs specific earnings, sales and equity value data by the earning, sales and equity âper shareâ financial multiples of its competitors.
Since Mary was not familiarized with financial models, Susan decided to use the easy-toperform-and-analyze âComparables Methodâ to estimate the relative value of Macyâs stock.
The Financial Data
Dillards, JC Penney and Nordstrom were selected as competitors of Macyâs as they were all in retail department store business. Susan would need some financial data regarding these companies. She went to SECâs (i.e. Securities and Exchange Commission) website and downloaded these companiesâ most recent balance sheet and income statement data. Out of those statements, she knew that she would need the EPS (i.e. earnings per share), the sales number, the number of outstanding shares, and the book value of equity. She also knew that she would need the current share price for each company. After some work, she had found all the necessary information to run the analysis. Below were the data that she had gathered:
All data are in US$ except for the number of outstanding shares. The share price as of March 15, 2014 is shown in the first column. The âEarnings per shareâ is shown in the second column. The third column reports the book value of equity. The last column shows the number of outstanding shares.
| Firm | P ($) | EPS ($) | Sales ($) | BV of equity ($) | # of shares |
| Macy's | 58.58 | 3.93 | 27,931 mil. | 6,249 mil. | 378.3 mil. |
| Dillard's | 90.61 | 7.10 | 6,532 mil. | 1,992 mil. | 45.6 mil. |
| JC Penney | 8.71 | -5.57 | 11,859 mil. | 3,087 mil. | 249.3 mil. |
| Nordstrom | 61.33 | 3.77 | 12,166 mil. | 2,080 mil. | 194.5 mil. |
The Decision
Susan thinks that the following steps would be necessary to perform the analysis:
1.Based on the data above, calculate Sales per share, BV of equity/share values of all firms. Note that EPS is directly given.
2.Calculate P/E, P/Sales, and P/B for all of Macyâs competitors based on the data obtained.
3.Find the average of the P/E, P/Sales, and P/B multiples for the three competitors.
4.Multiply those averages calculated in step 3 with Macyâs EPS, Sales per share, and BV of equity/share values, respectively to get three value estimates for Macyâs shares.
5.The average of the three estimates would then be Susanâs best estimate of Macyâs value per share.
answer # 1-5 please
