BLG 143 Final: 9.2 - 9.5 - cellular respiration and fermentation

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redrhinoceros565

27 Apr 2018

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9.2 Cellular Respiration

➢ Any suite of reactions that produces ATP in an electron transport chain

Produces ATP from a starting material with a high potential energy, usually glucose. Series

of chemical reactions.

1. Glycolysis  one molecule is broken into 2 molecules of the 3caron pyruvate; 2 ATP

molecules are produced from ADP, and 1 NAD+ is reduced to form NADH

2. Pyruvate processing  pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA

3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs/TCA cycle)  acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2

4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis  compounds that were reduced in 1-3 are

oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production

9.3 Glycolysis: Processing Glucose to Pyruvate

All 10 reactions of glycolysis occur in the cytosol.

1. Starts by using ATP, not producing it.

• Glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate

• Enzyme rearranges it to fructose-6-phosphate (rxn 2)

• 2nd phosphate group added, forming fracture-1,6-biphosphate (3)

• Cells must use 2 ATP molecules to make the sugar unstable before any ATP

is produced

2. Energy pay-off phase

• Reduction of 2 molecules of NAD+ (6)

• 2 ATP molecules produced (7)

• Final rxn in sequence produce 2 more ATP molecules

• For each molecule of glucose processed, the net yield is 2 molecules of NADH,

ATP and pyruvate

3. 7-10

• Enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated

substrate to ADP, forming ATP

• Substrate level phosphorylation  enzyme catalyzed reactions that result in

ATP production (net gain of 2 ATP)

Glycolysis net yield = 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Glycolysis Regulation

Glycolytic pathway is regulated at the 3rd step, conversation of f-6-p to f-1,6-bip.

Once f-1,6-bip is produced, it’s committed to the glycolytic pathway.

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Document Summary

Any suite of reactions that produces atp in an electron transport chain. Produces atp from a starting material with a high potential energy, usually glucose. Atp and pyruvate: 7-10, enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to adp, forming atp, substrate level phosphorylation enzyme catalyzed reactions that result in. Glycolysis net yield = 2 atp + 2 nadh. Glycolytic pathway is regulated at the 3rd step, conversation of f-6-p to f-1,6-bip. Once f-1,6-bip is produced, it"s committed to the glycolytic pathway. Regulation is allosteric inhibition of phosphofructokinase by atp. Feedback inhibition occurs when an enzyme in pathway is inhibited by the product of the reaction sequence. Atp can bind to at the enzyme"s active sit or at a location that changes the enzyme"s phosphofructokinase. When atp binds at this second location, the enzyme"s conformation activity, a regulatory site.

Related Questions

The complete conversion of a molecule glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle requires 19 reactions. Put the reactions that are given below in the proper order, beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate and ending with the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetic acid.

1) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP --> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
2) fumarate + H₂O --> malate
3) isocitrate + NAD⁺ --> alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH + H⁺ + CO₂
4) phosphoenol pyruvate + ADP --> pyruvate + ATP
5) Succinyl-CoA + GDP + P_i --> succinate + GTP + CoASH
6) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD⁺ + P_i --> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H⁺

Thank you for the help!

tealleopard702

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose monomer and dimers. Glucose is converted to pyruvate and then to acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is broken down to CO2 and in the process produces NADH & FADH2, which is utilized in the generation of ATP via the electron transport chain. Why does the cell go through this elaborate pathway to convert glucose to carbon dioxide and water and in the process generate ATP? Why not use a simpler and shorter mechanism to breakdown glucose?

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

apricotgoose897

BLG 143 Final: 9.2 - 9.5 - cellular respiration and fermentation

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