BPK 205 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Triglyceride, Start Codon, Genetic Disorder

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ochrebat842

10 May 2018

School

Simon Fraser University

Department

Biomedical Physio & Kines

Course

BPK 205

Professor

Peter Ruben

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Physiology

Anatomy: science of the structure and relationship among other structures. (Design of the body)

Physiology: Science of the body’s function. The structure of the body determines the function.

Histology: Science of microscopic structure of biological material (how individual components are linked

together)

Structural Function: Structural organization of the body (cell-tissue-organ-system-organism),

Functional: Component and function of body system (How related organs with common functions work),

Interaction: How body systems relate to one another (How body systems work together to maintain

homeostasis)

Physiological Mechanism: Enables the body to acquire and use energy. Organization: The organization

of the body is maintained by energy which is used to help build and maintain molecular/cellular/body

order. This keeps chemicals bonds tightly together the body is highly organized into 4 molecules (Carbs,

proteins, Lipids and nucleic Acids)

Levels of Structural Organization: 1. Chemical: Particles (electrons, Protons, Neutrons), Atom

(Hydrogen/Oxygen atoms), and Molecules (Water and Glucose molecules), and Macromolecules

(Glycogen/Proteins). 2. Cellular Level: Cells (Basic structure and unit of organism, muscle/cardiac cells)

Organelles (Structural component with specific functions within the cell – Mitochondria is used for energy

production). 3. Tissues: Groups of cells surrounding organs. 4 Types: Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous,

Connective Tissue. (Epithelial Tissue: Cells attached tightly, contains no blood vessel, the upper layer is

connected to the body cavity while the bottom layer is connected to the membrane. Connective Tissue:

Supports and anchors body parts, involves collagen/reticular/elastic fibers. Muscular Tissue: There are 3

types, the skeletal tissue helps move bones and is voluntary, smooth tissue helps control organ movement,

contains striations and is involuntary, Cardiac Tissue helps pump blood out of the heart, contains striations

and is involuntary. Nervous Tissue: Consists of neurons to initiate and transmit electrical impulses and

contains neuralgia to protect neurons) 4. Organ: 2 or more tissues with common function to form body

structure. 5. Organ System: Organs that have common function some can be part of more than one system.

6. Organism: Systems that have been built to form a human being.

Body Organisms & Homeostasis: Organ Systems: Circulatory System (Heart, Vessels, Blood) Digestive

System (mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus) Respiratory System (Mouth, nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi),

Urinary System (kidney, Uterus, Bladder, Urethra), Skeletal System (Bones, Cartilage, joints) Muscular

System (skeletal Muscle) Integumentary System (Skin), Immune System (lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Spleen,

appendix), Nervous System (Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral Nerve, sensory Nerves) Endocrine System

(Hormones, Tissues) Reproductive System (Males: Testes, Penis. Females: Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, Oviduct)

Organismal Level: Complex body process depends on interplay among multiple systems, doesn’t act in

isolation, example: blood pressure depends on circulatory/urinary/nervous/endocrine system.

Co-Operation of Organ System: Autoimmune disorder present in body causes own body to destroy own

blood cells. Other body systems kick into help the body to try deliver more O2 t to the cell/brain Example:

Respiratory system increases breathing rate, cardiovascular

system increases heart rate, Muscular system constricts vessels

Homeostasis: Maintains and stabilizes the internal

environment. Homeostasis is the condition in which body’s

controlled internal environment stays at a steady state despite

environmental change. They enable cells to serve/and these

cells make up body systems.

Extracellular Fluid: Fluid environment in which the cells

live. Has 2 parts. Plasma & Interstitial Fluid.

Intracellular Fluid: The fluid within all blood cells.

Body Systems: May transfer materials between

internal/external environments to maintain internal

environment.

Factors Homesostatically Regulated Include: Concentrations of nutrients/O2 & CO2/waste

products/pH/water, salt and other electrolytes/volume and pressure/and temperature.

Homeostasis Control Mechanisms: Monitor: aspect of internal environment and corrects as needed. It is

controlled by the endocrine/nervous system. Homeostatic disruption leads to a disease and is caused by the

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disruption of the stressor.

3 components to the Homeostatic Cycle: Receptors: Provide information about stimuli, monitors to look

for a change, sends information (nerve impulse). Control center/Integrator: Sets range for condition,

evaluates input signal, determines response, generates output signal. Effector: Receives output signal,

produces a response to change the condition.

Two Types of Feedback: Negative Feedback: Prevents sudden change in body, reverses a change, and

works like a thermostat. Positive Feedback: Reinforces the change, increases stimulus to push variable

further (Fever)

Blood Glucose Regulation: Glycogen is used for short term energy storage. Glucagon: Increases blood

glucose level, and causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose. Insulin: Lowers blood glucose. Occurs at

muscle (uptake of glucose) and adipose tissue (uptake glucose)

Hemostasis: Stops bleeding in 3 steps: Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) Platelet Aggregation

(Positive feedback, causes collagen to attract platelets, these platelets stick and be activated attracting ADP

+ thromboxane to attract platelets) Coagulation (Formation of fibrin clot, to plug and seal tears)

Chemistry: Matter makes up everything that is in the world. Chemicals cannot be broken down. There are

4 main elements in the living body. Carbon/Nitrogen/oxygen/hydrogen.

Atom: helps compose an element. The central nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The shell is present

around the outside of the nucleus. Inside the shell are the electrons which are negative charged electrons.

Atomic Number: the atomic number is based on the number of protons in the nucleus. The atomic Weight

is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The valence Shell is the outermost shell.

Ionic Bond: Formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions. Covalent Bonds: Valence electrons are both

attached and share electrons to fill the last shell.

Acid: Anything that can donate a hydrogen ion. Increases H+ on solution. Bases: Can accept hydrogen.

Decreases H+ in solution. Buffers: Help keep pH levels normal. Take or add Hydrogen ions. Carbonic Acid

or Bicarbonate is the buffering system in our body.

Example: If H+ decreases Carbonic Acid will dissociate to

release H+ (increases blood H+ level) If H+ increases

Bicarbonate attaches to H+ to form Carbonic Acid

(Decreases blood H+ level)

Organic Chemistry: Carbon is 10-30% of all cell.

Proteins/DNA/Carbs/other molecules are made up of a

carbon atom,

Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons

(Hydrogen atoms attached to carb backbone, Non-Polar)

Functional Group (Single or cluster of atoms covalently

bonded to carbon, increases solubility in water) there are 6

Functional groups (Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Ketone,

Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate Group)

Carbon to Macromolecules: Cells join together to form

macromolecules. 4 major classes: carbs, lipids, proteins,

nucleic acid. Three of the 4 are polymers (Polymers are linked by covalent bonds and form chains. Lipids

don’t form a chain and isn’t a polymer)

Condensation Reaction: Join monomers together via covalent bonds. One monomer is provided (OH-) the

other provides Hydrogen (H+) to form (H20). The process is called Synthetizes.

Hydrolysis Reaction: Degrades macromolecules by disassembling the bond. Hydrogen and Hydroxyl split.

This is called hydrolases.

Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide’s (simple carbohydrates that are used for glycogen)

Disaccharides (Two join monosaccharide’s), Polysaccharides (Complex carbohydrates that is used as a fuel

sources)

Monosaccharaides: Are classified based on their carbon backbone. 5

carbons are called hexoses, 5 carbons are pentose, and 3 carbons are

trioses.

Disaccharides: 2 joined monosaccharaides. Maltose (Glucose +

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Document Summary

Anatomy: science of the structure and relationship among other structures. (design of the body) The structure of the body determines the function. Histology: science of microscopic structure of biological material (how individual components are linked together) Structural function: structural organization of the body (cell-tissue-organ-system-organism), Functional: component and function of body system (how related organs with common functions work), Interaction: how body systems relate to one another (how body systems work together to maintain homeostasis) Physiological mechanism: enables the body to acquire and use energy. Organization: the organization of the body is maintained by energy which is used to help build and maintain molecular/cellular/body order. This keeps chemicals bonds tightly together the body is highly organized into 4 molecules (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) Chemical: particles (electrons, protons, neutrons), atom (hydrogen/oxygen atoms), and molecules (water and glucose molecules), and macromolecules (glycogen/proteins). Cellular level: cells (basic structure and unit of organism, muscle/cardiac cells)

Related Questions

2260 A&P 1 Lecture - Unit 1

Beware! ANYTHING within the assigned readings or discussed in lecture is fair game whether it is part of this list or not!!

What is the study of Anatomy? Provide an example of an anatomical study.

What is the study of Physiology? Provide an example of a physiological study.

List the characteristics of living things and briefly discuss them.

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Provide a specific example for each level.

Compare/Contrast sections and planes.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the anatomical position?

Practice placing a section through a location in the body and then determine what structures would be made visible by that section in that location. For example if a coronal (frontal) section were made in the thoracic region (would be able to see both lungs, the heart, depending on the exact location of the cut, maybe the esophagus and /or the trachea)

Practice the directional terms using them to describe the locational relationship between two body regions (use the technical terms for those body regions, (i.e. if the original post used __ is superior to blank, the opposite would be ___ is inferior to __).

Distinguish between the nine abdominal regions and four quadrants and indicate what major organ(s) would be found deep to that region or quadrant.

Why is it important to study the language of anatomy and physiology if one is going into the medical field?

Define homeostasis. What thing (or things) in our body maintains homeostasis? And what regulates those "things"?

What is the likely result if homeostasis is not maintained?

13. What are the components of feedback mechanisms? What is the function of each component?

14. Discuss negative feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss positive feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss the levels of organization, list the various levels and provide a specific example of each level.

What is matter?

What are elements? What are the four most common elements of the human body?

Distinguish between atoms, and molecules. Provide an example of each.

What information is provided by the molecular formula? For example what can be said of the formula C₆H₁₂O_6, the molecular formula for glucose?

Briefly distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. Recall that MY preferred defining quality differs from what the text says!

Consider/review the important inorganic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their importance in the human body.

Distinguish between acids and bases. Which of these will have relatively more free H+ ions?

What is the pH range of an acid? Of a base? What would be the pH value of a solution where the number of H+ ions = OH- ions?

What are the states of acidosis and alkalosis with reference to blood pH values?

Consider/review the important organic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their general importance in the human body.

Distinguish between solvent and solute.

Discuss the term osmolarity.

Consider/review the four types of lipids and discuss their individual function in the human body. Lipids are not composed of monomers but they do have âbuilding blocksâ, what are these building blocks?

What are the "building blocks" or monomers (looking for a group or class name) of a carbohydrate polymer? Name the five (5) types of carbohydrate monomers.

When two of these carbohydrate monomers are bonded together what "class" of carbohydrate is formed? What are the types of this "class"? What is the source (food) for each of these?

When three or more of these monomers are bonded together they form which "class" of carbohydrate? Which one of these stores excess carbs in animals (mainly in the liver)? Which one stores excess carbs in plants? And which one is indigestible by the human gut, but is important because it provides "bulk" in the form of fiber and helps keep fecal matter moving in the intestines?

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Briefly describe deoxyribonucleic acid including its general function.

Briefly describe ribonucleic acid including its general function.

What are the monomers of proteins? What kind of bond holds the monomers together?

Distinguish between oligopeptides and polypeptides.

Choose TWO general functions of proteins based on the globular vs fibrous classification of proteins, the class of protein that performs that function and a specific example for each.

What events or environments denature a protein? What has happened if a protein is denatured? What happens to its function if it is denatured?

What class of organic molecules are enzymes and what do they do in the body? How do they do their function? In other words, what is their mechanism of action/what do they change to do their job?

What are enzyme co-factors and what is their role in enzyme action?

How are enzymes regulated?

The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

bluemosquito470

Question #02: Membrane and Homeostasis / related events The question for this week is as follows: Select a homeostatic event and/or physiological system in which you can show the importance of structure/function relationship, organization levels, and feedback control. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question you select both the structure and the function on which your answer will be based. Hint: think on âthe circleâ.
a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as âaâ). This answer should look like: âa.- My structure (S) is â¦. and its function (F) is â¦â. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as âb1, b2, and b3â). One of this answers might look like: âb1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correctâ. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as âc1, c2, and c3â). These answers should look as follows: âc1.- molecularâ or any level of organization involved in your âaâ answer (S/F); âc2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event isâ. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your âaâ answer. Finally, âc3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in âaâ plays this roleâ. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as âd1, d2, and d3â). These answers should look as follows: âd1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under controlâ. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; âd2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event isâ. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your âaâ answer, that you named in d1; âd3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

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BPK 205 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Triglyceride, Start Codon, Genetic Disorder

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