NURS 2003H Study Guide - Final Guide: Hemoglobin, Cough Reflex, Macrophage
26 Jun 2018
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Review of the Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Key roles:
Gas exchange
o Oxygen into blood
carried to tissues
oCarbon dioxide out of the blood
elimination of CO2
Upper respiratory tract
clean, warm, humidify inspired air
endogenous flora to clean the air before going to the lower respiratory system
Fig 28-1
Lower respiratory tract
gas exchange
sterile
Fig 28-3
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal cavity
onose, sinuses
humidify and warm air
filtration
pharynx
opassageway
adenoids, tonsils
trachea
ocartilage rings
to provide support
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchial tree
oBronchi
oBronchioles
no cartilage
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
oend point for inspired air
ogas exchange
***Fig 28-5, Fig 28-6***
-Oxygen moves across two layers of cells
-Very easy to damage the alveolus
Respiratory Defense System
filtration
mucociliary escalator
ociliated epithelial cells
omucous-producing goblet cells
clear debris, infectious organisms
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cough reflex (from centres in the brain)
oopioids supress the cough reflex in the brain
reflex bronchoconstriction
oimportant when thinking about asthma
oReduce air flow to the lower parts of the respiratory system
alveolar macrophages
othe clean out bacteria
** Look up way surfactant does
Factors Affecting Gas Exchange
partial pressure gradient
thickness of respiratory membrane
o decrease oxygen exchange
ofluid, tissue changes in alveoli impairs gas exchange
oheart failure due to gas exchange affects the left side of the heart
surface area available for diffusion
o The bigger the surface area the more exchange will happen
Ventilation
process of inspiration and expiration (involuntary process)
airflow depends on pressure gradient
omoves from high-pressure to low-pressure
Inspiration (active)
odiaphragm moves down upon contraction
ochest muscles contract and move out
pressure in alveoli lower than in atmosphere
air moves from atmosphere into lungs
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Gas exchange: oxygen into blood carried to tissues, carbon dioxide out of the blood elimination of co2. Upper respiratory tract clean, warm, humidify inspired air endogenous flora to clean the air before going to the lower respiratory system. Nasal cavity: nose, sinuses humidify and warm air filtration pharynx, passageway adenoids, tonsils trachea, cartilage rings to provide support. Bronchial tree: bronchi, bronchioles no cartilage. Alveoli: end point for inspired air, gas exchange. Oxygen moves across two layers of cells. Ventilation process of inspiration and expiration (involuntary process) airflow depends on pressure gradient: moves from high-pressure to low-pressure. Inspiration (active: diaphragm moves down upon contraction, chest muscles contract and move out pressure in alveoli lower than in atmosphere air moves from atmosphere into lungs. Expiration (passive: diaphragm relaxes, chest muscles relax atmospheric pressure air moves from lungs into atmosphere. Compliance: elasticity of lung tissues elastin (a protein that helps spring the lungs back normal, restricts lung movement.
