PALEO200 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dinos, Fossil, Bone
12 Oct 2018
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PALEO200
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
→ bipedal with short arms, strong tails, armoured skulls; some
have thick, domed skull roofs and backwards pointing horns;
function of skull armor to ram predators or butt heads in
competition for territory/mating rights; sharp teeth in front and
leaf teeth shaped teeth in rear = omnivores
1. Ceratopsians
→evolved late, large parrot-like beaks and skulls that are greatly
expanded in the rear; large boney frill, or neck shield is present;
large horns also possess dental batteries; triceratops was the most
famous of this kind of dino
2. Stegosaurs
→quadrupedal dios ith os of pojetig osteode plates
down their tails; osteoderm spikes on backs and shoulder; front
limbs are much shorter than their hind limbs;not fast runners; pivot
quickly; heads are small relative to their bodies
→osteoderm: bones that develop within the skill and are a
common component of animal armor; in sauropods these were less
important for protection and more important as mineral reserves
3. Ankylosaurs
→ ost heail aoed of all dios; uadupedal ith shot legs
and wide ribcages; covered in spikey protective osteoderms; some
hae lage os o the eds of thei tales foig a ae o tail-
lu; the hae shot souts ad oade, ouded eaks
1.5: Discuss the soft tissue of dino’s
→ Bones are the most common dino fossils because bones decay less
rapidly than do softer tissues
Integument: means body covering
→ Fossil footprints are natural foot molds that were originally made in soft,
fine grained sediments; may have impressions of foot scales
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
→Skin impressions from other egios of a dios od a e peseed if a
dino was covered by mud shortly after it died and before its flesh rotted
away
→Dino specimens that include a lot of skin fossils are often called
mummies; the first mummified dino were hadrosaur specimens found in
Woig i 9 = eealed that dios ee oeed ith sales
→Fossil scales are also known from specimens of theropods, sauropods,
ceratopsians, stegosaurs and ankylosaurs
Keratin: a tough but flexible material that all composes hair, feathers,
fingernails and the outsides of claws, beaks and horns
→Major breakthrough in 1996: when a small theropod specimen with fossil
feathers was discovered in Liaoning, China. This little carnivorous dino was
called Sinosauropteryx whose feathers had been preserved because the
dios od as uied suddel eteel fie ash
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Quadrupedal di(cid:374)o(cid:859)s (cid:449)ith (cid:396)o(cid:449)s of p(cid:396)oje(cid:272)ti(cid:374)g osteode(cid:396)(cid:373) plates down their tails; osteoderm spikes on backs and shoulder; front limbs are much shorter than their hind limbs;not fast runners; pivot quickly; heads are small relative to their bodies. Osteoderm: bones that develop within the skill and are a common component of animal armor; in sauropods these were less important for protection and more important as mineral reserves: ankylosaurs. Bones are the most common dino fossils because bones decay less rapidly than do softer tissues. Fossil footprints are natural foot molds that were originally made in soft, fine grained sediments; may have impressions of foot scales. Skin impressions from other (cid:396)egio(cid:374)s of a di(cid:374)o(cid:859)s (cid:271)od(cid:455) (cid:272)a(cid:374) (cid:271)e p(cid:396)ese(cid:396)(cid:448)ed if a dino was covered by mud shortly after it died and before its flesh rotted away. Dino specimens that include a lot of skin fossils are often called mummies; the first mummified dino were hadrosaur specimens found in.
