ZOOL371 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Amplitude Modulation, Zool, Variance
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ZOOL371
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Inferences on observations
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Then you make a theory
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Inductive is information first (from observation)
Create a theory and then test to see if you are correct
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Make an experiment to confirm your theory
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Deductive is starting with a theory and creating a hypothesis
Need both
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Neither of them alone are complete
Observing literature
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The more distinct predictions you can come up with then the more support you can gain for
your hypothesis
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Behavioural ecology uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Advantage: get a good range of behaviours, more likely to notice smaller discrete
behaviour, you will know how frequently and how long they do it
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Disadvantage: might not reflect the whole species, smaller sample size
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Focusing on one individual
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Advantage: catalogue all the behaviours exhibited by the animal, gives the best overview
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Disadvantage: not very specific, might not get a random sample of behaviour, leads to a
bias
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Looking at everything at once
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Advantage: estimating group averages
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Disadvantage: miss rare behaviours
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Scanning systematically
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Advantage: can focus on rare behaviour
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Disadvantage: not knowing other behaviours, not as comprehensive
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Focusing on a single behaviour
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3 ways to sample
Continuous recording
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Instantaneous sampling
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1/0 sampling
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Time sampling
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How to record
List of behaviours of the species
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Pecking: bill makes contact with sediment surface in a discrete event
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Probing: bill penetrates sediment surface in a discrete event
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Sewing: bill moves rapidly and repeatedly towards the sediment
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Eg:
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Should always have an others category
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Ethogram
Stealing food from another species
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Kleptoparasitism
Mechanism
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Ontogeny
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Phylogeny
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Function
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Tinbergen's 4 levels of explanations
They are complimentary
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None of these are competing hypothesis
M: because the cAMP pathway is triggered
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O: multicellular form develops under conditions of low food
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P: behaviour is ancestral to all members of the dictosylium phylla
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F: it allows for better dispersal
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Why do slime mould form fruiting bodies?
Why do birds sing?
Lecture 1
September 4, 2018
12:31 PM
Zool 371 Page 1
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
M: triggered by the light intensity
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O: birds learn songs from their parents
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P: signing inherited from ancestors
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F: singing attracts mates
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Why do birds sing?
F: to deter predators
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M: pigment on the wings are different in different spot
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O: reared in environment with lots of predators
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P: shared a trait in all these types of butterflies
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Why do butterflies have eyespots on their wings?
Hypothesis: proposed explanation of something you already know
Prediction: a logical consequence because of the hypothesis
Hypothesis must be falsifiable
Do’t use "soe" use "oe" or "all" to be able to falsify
Experimental approach is the most effective
There are 3 separate lines of open klepto instead of just 1 line
Compare males with short streamers and males with longer tail streamers
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For comparative: take use of the natural variations
Zool 371 Page 2
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Deductive is starting with a theory and creating a hypothesis. Create a theory and then test to see if you are correct. The more distinct predictions you can come up with then the more support you can gain for your hypothesis. Advantage: get a good range of behaviours, more likely to notice smaller discrete behaviour, you will know how frequently and how long they do it. Disadvantage: might not reflect the whole species, smaller sample size. Advantage: catalogue all the behaviours exhibited by the animal, gives the best overview. Disadvantage: not very specific, might not get a random sample of behaviour, leads to a bias. Disadvantage: not knowing other behaviours, not as comprehensive. Pecking: bill makes contact with sediment surface in a discrete event. Probing: bill penetrates sediment surface in a discrete event. Sewing: bill moves rapidly and repeatedly towards the sediment. O: multicellular form develops under conditions of low food.
