BIOL 1000 Study Guide - Final Guide: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Adult Stem Cell, Species
2 Jul 2018
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FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Please review all the important definitions in the lecture notes
submitted before. These are the important questions that may
come in the final exam.
CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING LIFE
1. How would you define life? The condition that distinguishes animals and planets from
inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity and contin-
ual change preceding death.
2. To which of the 3 domains of life do we belong ?
The Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
3. How is signalling information involved in the expression of genetic information?
Information from the internal and external environment where and when particular genes are ac-
tivated and proteins made.
4. What is the function of the structure of the human hand?
The finger joints and opposable digits allow you to manipulate objects.
5. How does photosynthesis transform energy and matter?
Using the energy of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar molecules with
stored chemical energy.
6. A box of bicycle parts won’t do anything, but if the parts are properly assembled you can
ride a bike. What does this illustrate?
Emergent properties of the interacting components of a system.
CHAPTER 2; THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE:
1. Why the bonds in a water molecule are polar covalent?
The negatively charged electrons are pulled closer to oxygen, giving it a slight negative charge.
With its electron pulled farther away from its positively charged nucleus, the H is highly posi-
tive.
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7. How does table slat illustrate the themes of emergent properties?
The elements that make up the edible crystals of the table salt are sodium and chlorine and are in
pure form of a metal and a poisonous gas.
8. Explain what holds together the ions in a crystal of table salt?
Opposite charges attract, the positively charged sodium ions and the negatively charged chlorine
ions are held together by ionic bonds, attractions between oppositely charged ions.
9. What enables neighbouring water molecules to hydrogen bond to one another?
The molecules are polar, with each positive end (hydrogen end) of one molecule attracted to the
negative end (oxygen end) of another molecule.
10. Explain “it’s not the heat, it’s the humidity”.
High humidity hampers cooling by slowing the evaporation of sweat.
11. Why are blood and most other biological fluids classified as aqueous solutions?
The solvents in these fluids is water.
CHAPTER 3: THE MOLECULES OF CELLS:
1. Methamphetamine occurs as 2 isomers: 1 is the addictive illegal drug known as “crank”
and the other is a sinus medication. How can you explain these differing effects?
Isomers have different structures or shapes, and the shape of a molecule usually determines the
way it functions in the body.
2. What are the chemical groups that do not contain carbon?
The hydroxyl, amino and phosphate groups.
3. What reactions must occur for the protein in cheese to be broken down into its amino acid
monomers and then for these monomers to be converted to proteins in your body?
During digestion, proteins are broken down into amino aids by hydrolysis. New proteins are
formed in your body cells from these monomers by dehydration reaction.
4. Compare and contrast starch and cellulose to plant polysaccharides.
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Both are polymers of glucose, but the bonds between glucose monomers have different shapes.
Starch functions mainly for sugar storage. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that is the
main material of plant cell walls.
5. The formation of starch from simple sugars such as glucose involves a series of which re -
actions?
Dehydration.
6. Why are fats hydrophobic?
The 3 fatty acid tails of a fat molecule contain only non polar molecule C and H bonds, which do
not mix well with polar molecules.
7. What is the structure of a phospholipid compared to that of a fat molecule?
A phospholipid has 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. 3 fatty acids are at-
tached to the glycerol of a fat molecule.
8. Why fats and steroids which are structurally very different are both classified as lipids?
Fats and steroids are hydrophobic molecules, the key characteristic of lipids.
9. Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally?
The function of each protein is a consequence of it’s specific shape, which is lost when a protein
denatures.
10. By what process do you digest the proteins you eat into their individual amino acids?
By hydrolysis, adding a molecule of water back to break each peptide bond.
11. If a genetic mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, how might this destroy
the protein’s function?
Primary structure determines the secondary and tertiary structure due to the chemical nature of
the R groups of the amino acids in the chain. Even slight change may affect a proteins shape and
thus its function.
12. What roles does complementary base pairing play in the functioning of DNA?
Complementary base pairing makes possible the precise replication of DNA, ensuring the genet-
ic information is faithfully transmitted every time a cell decides. It also ensures that RNA mole-
cules carry accurate instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
13. Explain how lactose tolerance involves three or 4 major classes of biological macro -
molecules.
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Document Summary
Please review all the important definitions in the lecture notes submitted before. These are the important questions that may come in the final exam. The condition that distinguishes animals and planets from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity and contin- ual change preceding death. Information from the internal and external environment where and when particular genes are ac- tivated and proteins made. The finger joints and opposable digits allow you to manipulate objects. Using the energy of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar molecules with stored chemical energy. A box of bicycle parts won"t do anything, but if the parts are properly assembled you can ride a bike. Emergent properties of the interacting components of a system. The negatively charged electrons are pulled closer to oxygen, giving it a slight negative charge. With its electron pulled farther away from its positively charged nucleus, the h is highly posi- tive.
