BIOL 112 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genome Size, Cell Nucleus, Base Pair

36 views4 pages

fuchsiahorse483

8 Nov 2016

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

jakbfousda and 39238 others unlocked

BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

Verified Note

59 documents

Document Summary

No correlation between genome size and the complexity of an organism. Haploid = contains a single set of chromosomes. Diploid = contains a double set of chromosomes. Genome = all the genetic material of a cell/organism. Genotype = the genetic make-up of a cell/organism. Gene = unit of hereditary information consisting of a dna sequence. E. coli = approx 4,100,000 base pairs = 8,200,000 total number of bases in its genome. You are comparing the genetic material of two species. Species y has 96 million base pairs . 3. 1 a genome is all the genetic material of an organism transmitted from parents to offspring, and its sequence is the order of bases along a dna molecule. 13. 2 researchers annotate genome sequences to identify genes and other functional elements. 13. 3 the number of genes in a genome and the size of a genome do not correlate well with the complexity of an organism.

Related Questions

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

1) What is the point of sequencing Neanderthal DNA?

To look at haplotypes, and how they compare to those in Modern Humans.

The point is only to learn more about all extinct species.

To find identifying genetic markers in populations.

To lay the Neanderthal and Human sequences side by side, base pair by base pair, and identify exactly where they diverge.

2)What is one of the main complications of sequencing the Neanderthal Genome?

There are no ccomplications with sequencing the Neanderthal genome.

Neanderthals lived to long ago to even think about havung any preserved genetic material.

Over time, DNA mutates. If too much time has passed, the DNA will not be the same as the original individual's.

Over time, DNA degrades and breaks down leaving only fragmented pieces of DNA.

3)In the last several thousand years, the majority of human evolution has NOT been

Physical

Cultural

The majority of evolution has not been happening in the last several thousand years.

Biological

4) Which of the following best describes the relationship between humans and other animals?

According to the evidence, humans share a common ancestor with primates and carnivores, but not with birds and reptiles.

Humans have existed longer than other animals. This explains our superiority and relative complexity.

We do not have enough evidence to create testable hypotheses about the relationship between humans and other animals.

Humans are primates, and share common ancestors with all other animals, including dinosaurs.

Question 1: For each of the following terms, select the best definition:

gene, phenotype, chromosome, genotype, allele, genome

2.DNA that provides the instructions for synthesizing various types of small RNA molecules1.The complete set of genetic material in a cellan observable trait (or traits) of an organism

3.DNA that provides instructions for building a proteina variant of a gene

4.DNA of no known function

5.The genetic composition that underlies a trait (or traits)

6.A single molecule of DNA & its associated "helper" molecules

7.The portion of DNA that controls when and where proteins are synthesized

Question 2: Fill in the blank with these terms: dependent variable, independent variable, y-axis, x-axis

Understanding graphs is an important skill in science, since being able to visually depict data is often useful for identifying patterns, and can sometimes be the only tool for easily evaluating whether or not the data supports your hypothesis. When viewing a graph, the______ is plotted on the______, and the______we are measuring is plotted on the_____. For example, in one of the photosynthesis experiments last week, temperature was the______, while the size of the bubble at the end of the experiment was the_____

Question 3: For each of the following terms, select the best definition:

diploid cell, haploid cell, fertilization, zygote, gamete, somatic cell

1. The merging of two gametes

2. Any cell in an organism, except those used for reproduction

3. A cell with only one copy of each gene

4. The process of cell division

5. The cells used for sexual reproduction (generally eggs & sperm)

6. The initial cell of an organism

7. A cell that is capable of differentiating into multiple types of specialized cells

8. A cell with two copies of each gene

BIOL 112 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genome Size, Cell Nucleus, Base Pair

BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL 112 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genome Size, Pyrimidine, Ribose

BIOL 112 Lecture 8: Nucleic Acids

BIOL 112 Chapter Notes - Chapter 13, 15: Acanthamoeba, Post-Translational Modification, Genome Size

Related Questions