PSY 3105 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Canada, Menarche, Syndrome
12 Oct 2018
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Department
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PSY 3105
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
PSY3105B Dr. David W. Collins
Psychology of Adolescence
Ch 1 Adolescence: Understanding Past, Present, and Planning for Future 05.09.18
Definition of adult – based on legal definition (ability to vote), independent from parents
Culturally-bound syndrome – characteristics bound to adolescents
• Positive - fashionable, good at sports-dance, energetic, youthful-fresh, religious, independent,
ambitious, responsible, moral
• Negative – confused, conforming
Who is an Adolescent
• Chronological age – from 11-20 yrs old
• Physical – start of growth spurt to full adult size
• Sexual – appearance of secondary sex characteristics to ability to reproduce
• Familial – parents grant more freedom to achievement of independence
• Psychosocial – beginning of quest for identity to achievement of sense of identity
Different boundaries in different contexts
• Often viewed as being btwn biological and cultural end points 10-18 yrs old
o Early beginnings of puberty (10) vs. end of high school (18; culturally defined)
▪ Avg age girls menstruate is 12 yrs old, but physical development before that
• In 1900s adolescence was 14-24 yrs old; 2012 it became 10-18 yrs old
o Bio changes from 1900-1970 – initial age of menarche has declined from 15 to 12.5yrs
o Cultural changes - mandatory to finish HS in developed countries; no schooling in 1900s
Normative transition: happen to most people at the same age i.e biological – puberty, cultural changes
Idiosyncratic transition: happen to an individual at unpredictable times i.e teen moves to diff country
Phases and Tasks
• Early adolescence (11-14), middle (15-18), late (19-22; emerging adulthood)
• Developmental tasks associated to each phase – skills, attitudes, social functions from culture
Adolescence in Earlier Times – viewed as a distinct group for a long time
• adolescents treated differently in different eras
• Citizenship at adulthood in ancient Greece – wear certain clothing at a certain age
• Life-cycle service in pre-industrial Europe – one adolescent works for another family (apprentice
or servant), richer families think it's a way of keeping peace
• Rousseau – we should cherish childhood, adolescence; storm and stress
• Child labour in 19th and early 20th C Canada pose health problems
o Adolescence seen as social problem (in urban centres) – drinking; beginning of YMCA
Age of Adolescence – Circa 1890-1920
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• Contributing factors – legislation prohibiting child labour, requirements for children to attend
secondary school, adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship (became field to study)
o Not necessarily to protect children, more to keep adults in labour force
o Inventionism – age of adolescence is b/c of these factors
Adolescence in 20th C NA and Today
• 20th C Teens – age stratification, teenagers in novels/movies/comics, baby boom after WWII
• teens today – effects of changing family structures (more variable), growing influence of peers
(explosion of influence after social media), mixed messages about adolescent sexuality
Adolescents in Population Pyramid
• Proportion of young varies greatly by region: industrialized world – 22% under 19; east Asia,
latin aerica – 32-38%; sub-saharan Africa – over 50%
• Higher proportions of youth socially costly – require more food, housing, schools, jobs
• Different set of problems for adolescents/youth in developed vs developing countries
Where is Adolescence Going?
• Schooling for all – lead to less population as people further their career
o Women with higher levels of education have kids later in life and less kids
• Benefits and dangers of moving to the city – urbanization, less professionals in developing areas
• Virtuous and vicious cycles – capitalization leads to better outcomes for families and
adolescence, inability to capitalize negatively affects the family
• Scourge of HIV/AIDS – indirect and direct affects on adolescents (i.e parents die)
• Necessities for survival and growth
Biological and Evolutionary Theories
Recapitulationism (G. Stanley Hall)
• Development of the individual, you recapitulate the evolution of the species
o Animals (single cell) > hunters > savages (children) > early civilization (adolescence)
• Storm and stress (Rousseau) – not as civilized as early civilization but getting there
Evolutionary Explanations of Adolescence – role of reproductive fitness
• Applied to seual ehaiour opare e ad oe, hae’t defied to adolesee
• Need scarce resources for natural selection to occur
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud and psychosexual stages – re-emergence in adolescence of childhood conflicts
• Need for emotional separation from the family; genital stage causes anxiety
Erikson and psychosocial stages – need to develop sense of identity
• 6-12 = industry vs inferiority; mastery of academic and social skills leads to self-assurance,
failure create feelings of inferiority
• 12-20 = identity vs. role confusion; adolescnets must solve issues of personal, social, and
occupational identity
Cognitive Theories
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Document Summary
Normative transition: happen to most people at the same age i. e biological puberty, cultural changes. Idiosyncratic transition: happen to an individual at unpredictable times i. e teen moves to diff country. Phases and tasks: early adolescence (11-14), middle (15-18), late (19-22; emerging adulthood, developmental tasks associated to each phase skills, attitudes, social functions from culture. Adolescence in earlier times viewed as a distinct group for a long time: adolescents treated differently in different eras, citizenship at adulthood in ancient greece wear certain clothing at a certain age. Inventionism age of adolescence is b/c of these factors. Evolutionary explanations of adolescence role of reproductive fitness: applied to se(cid:454)ual (cid:271)eha(cid:448)iour (cid:894)(cid:272)o(cid:373)pare (cid:373)e(cid:374) a(cid:374)d (cid:449)o(cid:373)e(cid:374), ha(cid:448)e(cid:374)"t defi(cid:374)ed to adoles(cid:272)e(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:895, need scarce resources for natural selection to occur. Freud and psychosexual stages re-emergence in adolescence of childhood conflicts: need for emotional separation from the family; genital stage causes anxiety. Skinner operant conditioning behaviour changed by its consequences; people"s (cid:373)oti(cid:448)atio(cid:374)
