GGR217H1 Final: GGR217 FINAL EXAM NOTES
11 May 2018
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GGR217 Final Exam Notes
WEEK 2: PLANNING AS A RESPONSE TO THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
Industrial City
- Transition to modernity (politically, economically, urbanization, technological
advancements)
- Massive expansion (manufacturing, growth of production, factories, raw materials)
- Change in economic alignment
- Industrial Revolution
- Profit and surplus social costs
- Planning Engels, Planning responses Haussmann, Burnham
Baron von Haussmann
- Haussmanization
- Urban Surgery
Ex. Paris (demolition artist, perspective and boulevards, engineer becomes the artist)
Haussmanization
- Spiro Kostoff, “Haussmanization” (planned demolition for the purposes of urban
renewal, Baron von Haussmann providing a plan that would help create the city that was
conducive to modern traffic)
- Mass state planning
- Urban Surgery
- Response to industrial invention of Modern Town Planning
- Led to suppression of worker unrest, rise in rents (pushing workers to outskirts),
spatial segregation of classes, use of planning as a tool of control (strategic
beautification)
Ex. Ceausescu’s Romania, Nazi Germany visions of Third Reich, British Raj, India’s
“White City”
Friedrich Engels
- “The Communist Manifesto” (depiction of Spatial Segregation in Manchester) --? rich
are on the outskirts of the city, poor on the inside closer to manufacturing core
- Planning for the Industrial City
- “The Great Towns” (about the poor living conditions of the working class in England
during/just prior to the Industrial Revolution)
Surplus Value
- Capitalism = the production and accumulation of surplus (raw materials production
commodity accumulation)
- Marxist concept (leads to alienation between workers and capitalists)
Adam Smith
- Economic philosopher during Industrial Revolution
- “Father of Capitalism”
economics (Wealth creation) is ruled by objective laws (like architects)
foundation of economy free individual activity, not state action
individuals acting in own self-interest can generate maximum public good
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Thomas Malthus
- Economic philosopher during Industrial Revolution
Population increases faster than increase in means of subsistence
Poverty of some necessary to maintain balance of economic development and
population
Hunger as best limit to population increase
Expropriation
- occurs when a public agency (such as the provincial government and its agencies,
regional districts, municipalities, school boards, post-secondary institutions and utilities)
takes private property for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest
- moving things from one place to another/taking property for purpose
Sanitary Laws
- places with a lot of disease were demolished and rebuilt
- government would force places to close if they were not sanitary
Modernism
- “Modernity” refers to the experience of the modern world
- Cultural responses to modern experience change, physical or social structures
- 19th-20th century Western philosophical movement
Metropolis
- a very large and densely populated industrial and commercial city
Daniel Burnham/City Beautiful
- Uniform, monumental, white buildings
- A well-planned balance of buildings, water, and open green spaces
- Producing a sense of moral community and belongingness
- Beauty would inspire loyalty and moral rectitude in the poor
- Response to Industrial Planning
World Columbian Exhibition
- Exhibition in 1893
- Influenced by Daniel Burnham
Industrial Revolution
- Industrial Revolution (18th century)
Steam engine and water power
Colonialism is key in imperialist centre relying on colonies for the import of raw
materials (such as cotton for cloth)
Iron, coal, and other raw materials saw massive growth (new uses for iron and
glass)
Production of international trade
Urbanization
World exhibitions
- Industrial Revolution (19th century)
New techniques of smelting iron and making glass resulted in tremendous
increases in production
Made possible new uses of iron and glass that could enclose huge spaces
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Reform Movements
- Movements to improve the Industrial City
Ex. Haussmanization, City Beautiful
WEEK 3: UTOPIAN VISIONS—ESCAPING THE INDUSTRIA; CITY
- Edward Relph, “The Invention of Modern Town Planning” (1890-1940, improving living
conditions during this time through “town planning”; at first it was conceived as a way of
providing grand solutions to all urban problems but then it became clear that the utopian
solutions were not going to be implemented on more than a limited scale—planners had
to focus on the practical designing of good residential neighbourhoods)
Ebenezer Howard/Garden City
- Utopian socialist ideals transitioned into planning
- Urban reform was the top issue of the day
- Rapid urbanization, rural life was falling apart (Tomorrow, a peaceful path to reform)
- Garden City association
Vision → 30000 people, 6 wards of 50000 people, factories close to home, walk
able city neighborhood centers, peaceful coexistence b/w capitalist and social
industry
Eliminate class distinctions
Letchworth (first garden city in London) → Wasn't affordable for the working
class, kind of a failure
Utopia
- Imaginary
- Perfect place
Socialist Utopias
- Urban socialist, anarchist and radical influencers
a) St. Simon
b) Robert Owen
c) Charles Fourier
d) Ebenezer Howard
e) Frank Lloyd Wright
f) Le Corbusier
- Government and workers have a reciprocal relationship
- Government controls means of production
Communism
- Political theory
- Carl Marx
- Advocates class war
- Leads to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is
paid according to their abilities and needs
Robert Owen
- Brick Quadrangles
- One of the founders of British socialism
Document Summary
Week 2: planning as a response to the industrial city. Transition to modernity (politically, economically, urbanization, technological advancements) Massive expansion (manufacturing, growth of production, factories, raw materials) Planning engels, planning responses haussmann, burnham. Paris (demolition artist, perspective and boulevards, engineer becomes the artist) Spiro kostoff, haussmanization (planned demolition for the purposes of urban renewal, baron von haussmann providing a plan that would help create the city that was conducive to modern traffic) Response to industrial invention of modern town planning. Led to suppression of worker unrest, rise in rents (pushing workers to outskirts), spatial segregation of classes, use of planning as a tool of control (strategic beautification) Ceausescu"s romania, nazi germany visions of third reich, british raj, india"s. The communist manifesto (depiction of spatial segregation in manchester) --? rich are on the outskirts of the city, poor on the inside closer to manufacturing core.
