HIS241H1 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Russian Empire, Kingdom Of Italy, Great Britain
HIS241H1
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
LECTURE 1
Tuesday, July 3: Introduction to the course / Cultural, Political, Social and
Economic Setting. Europe in 1789.
Transition to modernity
- Industrialization, cities, mass migration, communication and transportation, the
distance in Europe is shrinking very quickly in this century – faster, easily, safer to travel
across Europe.
- Increased economic relations betw countries – colonialism, imperialism, cultural and
social interaction.
-Middle class appears and class systems diminishes, rise of working class, identity,
individualism, idea of being a valuable member of society, and having rights.
- Lead to fascism, communism, Nazism, and the EU
-Social displacement and alienation – for centuries, societies were organized in the same
way, but this changes in the 19th c. Ppl start to seek other forms of connected when they
are socially displaced.
-Nationalism; the rise and of racism which get ideological justification in the 19th c.
-Individualism – state exists for you, legal rights and political rights, identity
- Modern political parties
Things that effect today the most:
Evolution of European politics, economy, identity, culture, thought, society -
French revs, political parties, industrial revs, nation states
Revolutionary Change
- The changes that take place within one person’s lifetime is so great – technology,
opportunity of work and education, transportation – a massive gap betw generations
- Societal response: often negative, because the changes are faster in revolution, abrupt
change that may be difficult to deal with at once – system overload, fearful. Differing
opinions on the value of what is gained and what is lost.
[Film review: How faithful is the fil to the narratives according to historians? How is it aberrant?
Why do you think the filmmaker made these choices? What is the potential bias of the film, and
why?]
1347-1789
- Mentality of the middle ages was different: religious, obedient, temporality of life, less
desire for change
-Black Death, 1347-49: trauma of high mortality (60% in cities), disruption of societal
structure (communal, individual, econ)
- Individual pursuit of salvation: the church is now failing – god’s punishment is the black
death, and therefore eroded the power of the church within society – own path for
salvation now popular:
-Humanism, Renaissance, and Antiquity:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
orevival of glorious past (Rome and Greece, political and communal values –
Petrarch letter to Cicero).
oResponsibility to the social, civil, and professional world.
oNew view of the human being
oRise of individuality
Art: MA - not important how things are present but what is being
presented – childlike images, not a good image of the human, the
individual
Art: Ren – strays from religious themes, more everyday life presented,
copying the emotion and detail of classical sculpture
-Reformation: result of the division and weakening of the church
oConnection with god by reading the bible yourself, therefore need literacy,
translation, accessibility – leads to education
-Education:
ouniversity explosion (36 – 200+), printing press, education of the middle class not
just nobles, but more for everyone, expanding literacy all over Europe.
oOutput of manuscripts, books, pamphlets, etc, jumps betw 15th-16th c, and
continues rapidly to the 18thc – multiple books per person.
oEducated population changes the way society interacts:
Establishment of national academies and scientific research institutions –
“republic of science” and “republic of letters”
Public debates, lectures, performances, coffee house and salon culture
Creation of libraries
-Scientific Revolution 1
oRejects Aristotelian logic, natural orders, Ptolemaic universe that have not
before been contradicted
oCompletely different way of looking at things
oDeductive reasoning and disputatio
oScience is philosophy
-Scientific Revolution 2 & 3 (see slides)
oNew way of thinking – no supreme authority, only what is observable
oScience stops being natural philosophy, separate from theology, or any authority
oNo theorizing – more practical, applicable to the world
-Scientific Revs 4 & 5
oCulminate in the Enlightenment
oReasoning is the most important thing
oConstant observation, doubt
-Social structure and Econ Relations
oManorial system is now crumbling (church, nobility, everyone else)
oUrbanization and the new middle class that do not fit into the established system
– they are getting rich – they have no education and no rights in society
oMercantilism – the idea the state should regulate activity, protection of domestic
production, tariffs, etc.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Tuesday, july 3: introduction to the course / cultural, political, social and. Industrialization, cities, mass migration, communication and transportation, the distance in europe is shrinking very quickly in this century faster, easily, safer to travel across europe. Increased economic relations betw countries colonialism, imperialism, cultural and social interaction. Middle class appears and class systems diminishes, rise of working class, identity, individualism, idea of being a valuable member of society, and having rights. Lead to fascism, communism, nazism, and the eu. Social displacement and alienation for centuries, societies were organized in the same way, but this changes in the 19th c. ppl start to seek other forms of connected when they are socially displaced. Nationalism; the rise and of racism which get ideological justification in the 19th c. Individualism state exists for you, legal rights and political rights, identity. Evolution of european politics, economy, identity, culture, thought, society - French revs, political parties, industrial revs, nation states.
