PSY240H1 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Torture, Thyroid, Systematic Desensitization
PSY240H1
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 1 – Abnormality & Etiology
medical student disorder
tendency to self-diagnose
peoples oal vary
hua disodes, ee all hua, eas to elate on some level
etiology
causation – what caused psychological disorder?
abnormal
normal curve, abnormal is uncommon
uoo ist necessarily abnormal (being at extremes can be normal)
1. holistic consideration
abormal depeds o cultural norms
different criteria for children in DSM
time after traumatic event some trauma is OK
2. thoughts/feelings/behaviours cause clinically significant distress/impairment in important functioning?
social function
ability to work
ability to do daily tasks
3. increased risk of suffering/pain/death
personality disorder, too antisocial to make friends, suffer isolation
personality disorder, potentially cause others to suffer
psychopathology
study of psych. disorders & how to treat them
scientist-practitioner
keep up with research
conduct research yourself
test own treatments and results of patients
…ad teat people!
Carl Rogers
humanistic psychology
client-centered therapy/person-centered | unconditional positive regard, empathy, clients will be honest & straightfwd
emphasized empirical evaluation of efficacy of treatments
Among the originators of cognitive- behavioural therapy (CBT) was Aaron T. Beck (1976), who developed methods for dealing with faulty
attributions and attitudes associated with learned helplessness and depression. Individuals with these types of depression or anxiety are
often not aware that their thinking is inappropriate or negative, because it is automatic or unconscious. Automatic thoughts are believed
to arise from an underlying maladaptive schema, which is a cognitive belief system about some aspect of life. For example, the depressed
student in the example just mentioned might have the autoati thought, I goig to fail that ouse, eause she has an underlying
negative self-evaluation schema, believing she can never do anything correctly. Beck thought that such a schema could be formed by
negative experiences when the individual was growing up. The point of cognitive-behavioural therapy is to work with the patient to
uncover these automatic thoughts and develop a different set of attitudes and attributions. This process is called cognitive restructuring,
because the goal is to restructure the maladaptive schema.
withdrawal design, measure person to get baseline
change independent variable (give drug)
return to baseline, see if withdrawal effects different from previous baseline
multiple baseline design get baseline at two settings, drug improves condition, stop giving, start again
at ea. location; if giving regardless of location improves condition then drug works regardless of environment (improves internal
validity, like an extra control)
B.F. Skinner
behaviorist, research on operant conditioning (the Skinner box)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
single-case experimental designs, thought better to have lots of data on small group/one person
uses repeated measurements over time (change from day-to-day)
could test variability of same measurement from day-to-day, see overall trend
Stone age beliefs
witches, spirits caused people to behave differently
tephined skull hole in skull to let evil spirits escape
exorcism to chase away demons, prayer-based, sometimes violent
isolation/beating to scare away demon
Hippocrates, Plato & Galen (450 B.C. – 350 B.C | 430 B.C. – 330 B.C. | 130 A.D. – 200 A.D.)
questioned supernatural ideas about psychology
thought brain was = intelligence
psychological disorder = disease of brain + environment
should not punish those already suffering
*psychopathology = disease of the brain + due to environment
Collapse of Roman Empire, Rise of Christrianity
eligio taught to sa X, Y, ), is Gods ill, let the let it be
littlee science
a lot of superstition
1. compassion; let the mentally ill rest, sleep, relax
2. harsh treatment; exorcism, torture, isolation
1800s
Pasteus ge theo all diseases due to germs (bacteria)
Syphilis psychotic symptoms, caused by bacteria, curable
psychological disorders must have actual basis, must be curable
*lead to the biological tradition
1800s and 1900s
John P. Grey all psychological conditions have biological basis
treat like regular patient w/ physical symptoms = rest, sleep, good ventilation, environment
*lead to better treatment of mentally ill, also overcrowding of asylums
Dorothea Dix mental hygiene movement, open more asylums, allow more people access
*also lead to overcrowding
Giving up! thought brain pathology too complex, gave up looking for serious treatment the ae hat the ae
1900s
biological treatments: electric shock therapy, lobotomy, psychosurgery
Walter J. Freeman icepick lobotomy
Drugs! minor tranquilizers = benzodiazepines
sedative = opium
psychotic symptoms = neuroleptics
Side-effects! learned that drugs were not a cure-all
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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PSY240H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Carl rogers humanistic psychology client-centered therapy/person-centered | unconditional positive regard, empathy, clients will be honest & straightfwd emphasized empirical evaluation of efficacy of treatments. Among the originators of cognitive- behavioural therapy (cbt) was aaron t. beck (1976), who developed methods for dealing with faulty attributions and attitudes associated with learned helplessness and depression. Individuals with these types of depression or anxiety are often not aware that their thinking is inappropriate or negative, because it is automatic or unconscious. Automatic thoughts are believed to arise from an underlying maladaptive schema, which is a cognitive belief system about some aspect of life. For example, the depressed student in the example just mentioned might have the auto(cid:373)ati(cid:272) thought, (cid:862)i(cid:859)(cid:373) goi(cid:374)g to fail that (cid:272)ou(cid:396)se,(cid:863) (cid:271)e(cid:272)ause she has an underlying negative self-evaluation schema, believing she can never do anything correctly. Beck thought that such a schema could be formed by negative experiences when the individual was growing up.
