Biology 1002B Study Guide - Fetus, Indel, Deuterostome

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plumsalmon276

4 Feb 2014

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General mechanisms by which vaccines protect against diseases. Vaccines pre-expose an individual to a disease, allowing the body to produce antibodies in advance to fight off the disease once it is actually incorporated into the system. The incorporation of a small dose of the disease ahead of time in order to help the body prepare for when it actually happens. Hiv has a very high rate of mutation. Hiv is a virus, antiviral drugs need to be used (which may do more harm than good, as host cells need to be targeted) Hiv destroys cells that fight off invaders in the process of its own replication (taking control of the cell, bursting cells via lysis) The flu vaccine every year is a cocktail that protects against more than one strain of flu. Prominent strains of the flu are predicted yearly and change on a yearly basis.

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1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
and have increased numbers of B cells in them.

2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
injected vaccines

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Biology 1002B Study Guide - Fetus, Indel, Deuterostome

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