Biology 2581B Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Keratinocyte, Rna Splicing, Skeletal Muscle

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1 Jun 2020

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When cells differentiate their structure and organelles become highly specialised to carry out their function. Epithelial cells, fat cells, nerve cells, olfactory neurons, red blood cells and retinal rods are all examples of specialised cells. These cells only become specialised due to intrinsic factors and extrinsic signals causing different patterns of gene expression in the nucleus to produce cell type-specific proteins eg haemoglobin, a specific kind of actin, etc. Gene expression can be regulated in a few different ways: Transcription - a gene must first have the correct factors to be transcribed. Post transcription - rna splicing, nuclear export, rna stability. Translation - if rna is not stable it will be broken down and not translated. Post translation - the protein can be modified and stabilised, other factors may regulate its activity. Transcriptional control is a key feature of cell differentiation. One transcription factor may regulate lots of genes by switching on some and repressing others.

Related Questions

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

crimsonplatypus494

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

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Biology 2581B Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Keratinocyte, Rna Splicing, Skeletal Muscle

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