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Biology 3594A : October 4, 2011 Lecture Notes

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School
Western University
Department
Biology
Course
Biology 3594A
Professor
Kathleen Hill

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Document Summary

Penetrance - the proportion of individuals who carry an allele and: damage does not equal mutation. Chronic in vivo: 12 birds - song/house (2 species, 4 treatments of radiation dosages, 3 time points n = 3 also carry the associated phenotype. Birds as model organisms: exposed populations and unexposed populations - located everywhere in many different environments. This is useful as well because species distributed around the world could be representative of human populations. For example, we can study the effects of radiation poisoning in birds and extrapolate these to humans. From this, we suspect issues with fertility and reproduction. Birds also had weakened immune systems and birds were dying and leaving smaller population sizes behind. Humans pose a problem as model organisms because of this: have similar physiology, cell biology, histology and dna to humans, birds are easy to catch, house and manipulate.

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Related Questions

What characteristic(s) should a sample have to be representative of the population?

Carefully selected to possess all the phenotypes in question
Randomly selected
At least 50% of the total population size
Large enough to include every individual in the population

2. In a population of haploid, asexual yeast living in your left ear, a beneficial mutation (W) arises that allows mutant individuals to consume your ear wax a higher rate that those lacking the mutation. Because these yeasts are asexual and haploid, we can assume that the two alleles, W and w, represent the genotypes of the population. If the mutant genotype (W) is able to reproduce asexually at twice the rate of the non-mutant genotype (w), what is the selection coefficient of each genotype? (λW = 4 and λw = 2)

a) If the population at time t=0 is composed of 98 w individuals and 2 W individuals, calculate the following for the population at time t=1: change in genotype numbers, change in genotype frequencies and ∆q (recall: q always represents the inferior genotype).

b) Using λ of the entire population as a measure of the population's fitness, carry out the calculations you performed above for a total of 10 generations (t=10). How has λ changed between t=1 and t=10? What does this mean for the population in regards to their environment?

c) Ignoring the number of yeast cells that have died, what is the estimated size of the yeast population in your ear at time t=10?

Genetic variation is important in reproducing populations becauseit allows the population to adapt to changingenvironments. Those individuals who are genetically bestadapted to an environment have a greater tendency to survive andreproduce.

  1. How do prokaryotes generate genetic variation ina population?
  2. List three mechanisms that sexually reproducingeukaryotes use to develop genetic variation.