Kinesiology 1080A/B Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Muscle, Parietal Lobe, Motor Cortex
12 Oct 2018
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Kinesiology 1080A/B
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 1
• Spatial numeric association of response code aka the SNARK effect
• Everyone has a representation of numbers
• Most people represent their mental number line left to right in an ascending order
• Those who represent their number lines differently are more creative and artistic
• Experiment: Individuals fixate on a cross in the screen
• To the left or right of the cross you can flash a number
• Ask people to respond as quickly as possible to the flashing number
• If you flash a 1 or a 2 in the left visual field, they have less reaction times than if you
flash an 8 or 9
• If you flash an 8 or 9 in the right visual field, they have less reaction times than if you
flash a 1 or 2
• Shorter reaction times if the stimulus is compatible with our internal mental
number line
• Languages impact mental number line
• Japanese and Farsi speakers have a different number line as opposed to English
and German speakers
• Frontoparietal Network
• Where the number line exists
• Involves parietal cortices
• Lateralized to the right hemisphere
• Right pre-frontal cortex (PFC)
• When people close their eyes and can see the internal number line is thought to exist
in this area
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
• Allows you to send a magnetic impulse into the cortex of the participant
• Doing so creates a virtual lesion (that lasts for only a few milliseconds)
• With TMS you can mimic a stroke in an otherwise healthy brain
• Fairly safe procedure
• Ask people to think about a mental number line and perform that same experiment
where you react to a stimulus (1 or 2, 8 or 9)
• When you apply TMS to the right PFC it slows peoples' reaction times
• They no longer show the SNARK effect
• ONLY HAPPENS WHEN TMS IS APPLIED TO THE RIGHT PFC (you can
apply it anywhere and it won't have much of an impact)
• Theoretically helps us understand how people represent space and numbers
• Clinically helps us determine why some people have spatial compatibility issues
• Under or poorly developed right PFC
Cerebral Asymmetries
• There is a difference in the types of neurons that exist in the Broca's area and the Wernike's
region
• Difference in the density of magnopyramidal cells
• Most complicated neurons in the brain
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Biggest
• Most dendritic trees (branch off and connect with many more neurons than non-
magnopyramidal cells)
• Greater degree within left Broca's and left Wernike's area than its mirror symmetrical
counterpart on the right side
• Language and speech is more lateralized in the left hemisphere because it has more
magnopyramidal neurons
• Do these magnopyramidal neurons develop because we use our left hemisphere more
for speech and language or did speech and language develop in our left heft
hemisphere because we have more magnopyramidal neurons?
• Chicken or the egg
• Left cerebral hemisphere is dominant in praxis
• The ability to string together complicated movements
• People who have lesions in the left cerebral hemisphere are more prone to apraxia
• Apraxia: A disorder of learned, skilled, purposeful movement
• Apraxia is a high level movement disorder
• Must exclude low-level movement disorders before diagnosing for apraxia
• Ideational apraxia:
• Ask them how to do something, they say they don't know
• Lost the knowledge of how they move
• Ideomotor apraxia:
• Someone is unable to evoke the appropriate long term representation of an action
• Ask someone how they'd eat soup with a spoon
• They can tell you how to do it, but they can't show you
• Apraxias can typically resolve themselves during the acute recovery phases of a stroke
(first 6 weeks)
• If someone progresses into the chronic phases of a stroke (after 6 weeks) and they
still show signs of apraxia they most likely won't recover from it
A NEW FORM OF APRAXIA: THE CASE OF CK
• Had a stroke involving her right parietal lobe
• Had a large right parietal lobe lesion
• CK could pretend to do a task perfectly
• When she went to perform these tasks, she developed a severe apraxic disorder
• Somatosensory form of apraxia
• Inability to integrate tactile feedback into an ongoing action
• Parietal lobe is the sensory to motor interface in the brain
• CK picks up an object, she gets tactile feedback from the objects via sensory
receptors in her hand, that information is being sent to her parietal lobe, her
parietal lobe tries to send that information to her motor cortex
• Something goes wrong with that information exchange
• Demonstrates an apraxic movement deficit as a result
• Still demonstrates this deficit with her left and her right hand
• As therapy she does a bunch of tasks with her right hand (but she's naturally left handed)
• More severe apraxic movement disorder is in her dominant hand
• Dyspraxia: Developmental movement disorder (developmental coordination disorder)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
If you flash a 1 or a 2 in the left visual field, they have less reaction times than if you flash an 8 or 9. Japanese and farsi speakers have a different number line as opposed to english and german speakers: frontoparietal network, where the number line exists, lateralized to the right hemisphere. Ideational apraxia: ask them how to do something, they say they don"t know, lost the knowledge of how they move. If someone progresses into the chronic phases of a stroke (after 6 weeks) and they still show signs of apraxia they most likely won"t recover from it. Individuals with dyspraxia are young: the praxis system in these individuals haven"t completely developed or are developing slowly, shows uncoordinated movement, very poor movement type, speech. When we speak there is a tight temporal coordination with the articulators involved with speech: those with developmental coordination disorder show a dyspraxia with speech.
