Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Twin, Frontal Lobe, Social Comparison Theory
4 Jun 2018
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When Do People Help?
• A bystander will not help unless:
o She or he notices the situation
o She or he believes that it is an emergency – we engage in social comparison – we
look to see what others are doing or how they are responding
o She or he assumes responsibility to intervene – if others are present there may
be a diffusion of responsibility – if I don’t help, someone else will
o She or he has self-effacy (confidence) in dealing with the situation
o He or she do not intervene because of perceived costs – physical danger, or
appearing foolish
• Bystander effect – the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency
to help – due to social comparison/diffusion of responsibility
• We are more likely to help when we are in a good mood or have pre-existing guilt.
• We help more when there is a lack of time pressure and we are not in a hurry
Whom Do We Help?
• Similarity – Perceiving someone as similar to us increases our chances of helping.
• Gender – Women are more likely to receive help if the bystander is male. Women and
men are equally likely to be helped by female bystanders.
• Perceived responsibility – People are more likely to receive help when their need for aid
is viewed as being caused by factors beyond their control.
• Just world hypothesis – because people want to view the world as fair, they perceive
that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Increasing Pro-Social Behaviour:
• Research suggests that developing feelings of empathy and connectedness with others
may also make people more likely to help
Aggression: Harming Others
• Aggression involves any form of behaviour that is intended to harm another person, ad
it can be analyzed at biological, environmental, and psychological levels
Biological Factors in Aggression:
• Animals can be bred over generations to be more or less aggressive
• Aggressive behaviour is more similar between identical twins versus fraternal twins,
even the twins raised in separate environments
• There is no single brain structure that controls aggression, but the amygdala and
hypothalamus are involved
• Aggression also involves activity of the frontal lobes
• Murderers show more subcortical activity than non-murderers, and they also had less
frontal lobe activity than non-murderers
• There is no one aggression chemical involved in aggression, however, low levels of
serotonin may play a role in impulsive aggression
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Document Summary
Whom do we help: similarity perceiving someone as similar to us increases our chances of helping, gender women are more likely to receive help if the bystander is male. Just world hypothesis because people want to view the world as fair, they perceive that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Increasing pro-social behaviour: research suggests that developing feelings of empathy and connectedness with others may also make people more likely to help. Aggression: harming others: aggression involves any form of behaviour that is intended to harm another person, ad it can be analyzed at biological, environmental, and psychological levels. Aversive environmental stimuli: beyond frustration: frustration-aggression hypothesis - frustration contributes to aggression, it leads to. Psychological factors in aggression: numerous psychological factors influence whether we behave aggressively in a riots increase in summer months. Learning to aggress: reinforcement and modeling particular situation.
