BIOL 1000 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cytosol, Chloroplast, Frameshift Mutation

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17 Jan 2017

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Proteins are encoded by genes made of dna. Beadle and tatum: showed the direct relationship between genes and enzymes, which the(cid:455) put fo(cid:396)(cid:449)a(cid:396)d as the (cid:862)o(cid:374)e ge(cid:374)e-o(cid:374)e e(cid:374)z(cid:455)(cid:373)e h(cid:455)pothesis(cid:863: many proteins consist of more than one subunit. Each of these subunits is a separate molecule, called a polypeptide, which is coded by a separate gene. Polypeptides can assgbbgemble to create a functional cluster of molecules called a protein: protein: functional collection of polypeptides, polypeptide: molecule encoded by a gene. Transcription: mechanism by which the information encoded in dna is made into a complementary rna coy. Information in one nucleic acid type is transferred to another nucleic acid type: the enzyme rna polymerase creates an rna sequence that is complementary to the dna sequence of a given gene. One dna strand or the other is the template strand and is read by the rna polymerase. The rna transcribed from a gene encoding a polypeptide is called messenger rna. (mrna)

Related Questions

1. A region of a chromosome contains two strands of DNA, yet only one is used to transcribe a gene because

A. all genes are found on the same strand of DNA in a chromosome.

B.both strands are transcribed, but only one strand of DNA contains a reading frame.

C.RNA polymerase binds to the terminator, stopping transcription on one strand of DNA.

D.RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which precedes the gene only on the template strand of DNA.

E.the start of transcription is random along the chromosome and doesn't always occur on a gene.

2. In eukaryotes an mRNA molecule can only be translated by one ribosome at a time.

True or False

3.The process by which cells use the information of RNA molecules to make proteins is transcription.

True or False

#3. ___________ is a molecule that serve as a cell's genetic information - a set of instructions that control the activities of the cell.

#9. The nitrogenous base adenine is represented by the letter _______.

#20. If one strand of DNA has the sequence A G T G, then the complementary strand will have the sequence ______.

#27. A mutated form of the gene for ____________ causes the disorder sickle cell anemia.

#32. _______ is the process of using DNA as a blueprint for making RNA.

#33. Portions of the RNA that are cut out and not used to make proteins are called ______.

Multiple answers to each question might be possible!

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?

	To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
	To break open the bacteria to release the genome.
	To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages.
	To be able to detect the radioactivity.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

Explain the 5â to 3â directionality of a DNA stand.

	It is due to the fact that the free 5â carbon is on one end and the free 3â carbon is on the other
	It is due to the fact that new nucleotide are added to the 5â carbon of the previous nucleotide
	It is due to the fact that there are 3 phosphate groups attached to the 5â carbon
	It is due to the fact the complementary strand is 3â to 5â
	More than one of the above explain the 5â to 3â directionality

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Why does DNA polymerase utilize an RNA primer?

	DNA polymerase is unable to initiate strand synthesis but RNA polymerase can
	DNA polymerase can only add a dNTP to an rNTP
	DNA synthesis proceeds in the 3â to 5â when initiating strand synthesis
	Chromosomal DNA contains interspersed RNA fragments
	The RNA primer increases stability of the newly synthesized strand

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BIOL 1000 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cytosol, Chloroplast, Frameshift Mutation

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