ECON 3510- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 34 pages long!)

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orangeoyster864

16 Feb 2018

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Canada health care is predominantly publicly financed and publicly delivered: it is false. Canada health care is predominantly financed it comes mostly from taxation people with higher income we take more from them and people with lower income we take less from them. Health care system is not publicly delivered is predominantly privately deliver. Physicians are private entities they have private clinics, even doctors who works in hospitals they just use public facilities. Topic 1: #"s we don"t need to memorize it: health economics studies how scares resources are allocated to and within the health economy. If would not have scare of resources we would not have any economic problem. Gdp is gross domestic product; it is measure of all economic activity in the country. Over time canada gdp was going up as well as in other countries. % of health care goods and service was rising even more. Health it becomes larger and larger component of the economy overtime.

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(Please Summerize the work down below, thank you)

Political	Economic
Growing political influences on healthcare advances	Cost of living increases
Global government influence on healthcare cost	Cost of insurance prices
Government control of Medicaid, Medicare funding	Rise of forecasted interest rates
Social/Cultural	Technical or Technology
Increase average age of population	Demand on new medical treatments
Patient expectations increase	Customize treatments
Demographics are in constant change	More advance service facilities
Environmental	Legal
Growing need for green business	Constant change of government drug Regulations
Environmental agenda and community awareness	Consumer laws
	Health and safety regulations



Porters 5 forces of business model

Competitive Rivalry
Growth opportunity for healthcare companies are expected to growing the next few years
Increase in new revolutionary drugs both in and outside of the US

Threat if New Entrants
Strict government regulations
Difficult to keep up due to constant change
Huge startup cost

Substitute Products
Threat of other substituting product and service at lower cost



Bargaining Power of Customers
Generic drugs offered at large discount to consumer
Larger less customized healthcare facility with lower housing costs
Several facilities offering similar services.

Bargaining power of supplier
Medical suppliers have a large pricing power
Bargaining power of physicians and nurses is huge because of large hospital benefits

Swot Analysis

Strengths

Highly trained and capable employees

Market experience

Strong leadership

High level of organizational efficiency

Excellent facilities

Strong commitment to bettering the community

Weaknesses

Increased cost of healthcare could lower our clientele

Limited staff resources

Limited cash flow to hire and train new employees

Lack of resources

Opportunities

Fast growing technology opens new doors for using state of the art equipment to better serve the patients.

Nursing and residential care is one of the fastest growing industries

Aging population

Threats

Uncertainty in political and economic climate causes hesitation for receiving new patients.

Funding constraints

Highly competitive market

Product or Service Analysis

Our services will be used by patients who cannot afford experimental treatments and patients who have been abandoned by the system because hospitals can no longer provide medical assistance. At our facility, we will be able to work with the families and provide them with different payments options, such as low monthly payment plans. Our main goal is to be able to treat the patient at a very affordable cost; however, if any patient does not possess the means to pay for treatment, he or she would not be turned away; our facility will tap into government and private funding to cover treatment cost.

The beauty of this service is that there isnât a charge of any kind to take part in our program because it is completely funded by government grants. Individuals that would take part would more than likely not have the means to pay a monthly deductible. Due to the nature of the business listed as a non-profit agency, there is no way to make a profit of any kind, as it would jeopardize the business in its entirety.

Some of the market factors that create a demand for our services include the need of medical care after having maximized all resources, the number of low income families, and the number of patients facing health issues needed extended medical care.

Opportunities that may derive from this business is the opportunity to expand and open multiple facilities, while extending a helping hand to many more in need. The risk, however, is the unstable funds deriving from grants. This can pose a huge treat to the business, as grants often times come and go and cannot be counted on as a constant income.

After studying the healthcare system and current policies in place, data shows many individuals facing severe health issues usually go untreated and uncared for due to the outrageous cost of medical care. It is devastating to see how often people, especially the elderly, are sent home and forgotten for the mere reason that hospitals and doctors are not willing to care for patients without financial means. In fact, in 2009 Harvard news reported 45,000 annual deaths due to lack of health coverage in the U.S. alone, which is significantly higher than the 18,000 reported by USA Today in 2002.

Financial Analysis

Clermont will be a nonprofit organization, dedicated to help the most needed. To open the facility fully operational we must take in consideration some fixed expenses like the land acquisition, permits, interest, brokers, administration fees, professionals (facility setup), staff, reports (environmental, occupational, fire, FDA), electricity, water, phone, water & sewer , connections, taxes, insurance, management, security, advertising, accountants, food, lawn mowers, bank fees, etc.

The facility will need have a total value of approximately three million dollars, but if we break the price of the land acquisition in to a thirty (30) year mortgage we can star up the business with an investment of approximately $ 233,944.61 USD to cover the first month of operation including all the startup permits and connections. After the first month the fixed expenses will be $184,444.00 USD with the exception of the months were taxes are due; taxes are around $ 43,000.00 USD paid quarterly will increase the tax month (depending on the facility fiscal year) for $ 10,750.00 USD approximately. We will fund all the costs with private and public funding, fundraiser, events, raffles, and most important with the help of the community.

As we mentioned before, Clermont is a nonprofit organization and we will do everything in our power to give the relief to the families in need. No one will be rejected because they do not have the money or the insurance cannot help. No money will be required from patient and every single dollar received will be spent in the patients, and in improving our facility and our service every day.

We believe our financial even breaking point will be a year after we begin operations, and be profitable soon after. There are many patients in need, and with the government and public grants each person will receive the treatment they need, and we will become the hope of many.

1. According to a WSJ article, in Britain, drug companies are paying for nurses to study patient charts to identify people with chronic illnesses. "The nurses then recommend which patients should be called in for a check-up and perhaps prescribe new treatment. The work is part of what the industry calls "disease management programs," which the companies say improve care for people with illnesses like diabetes, asthma, or heart disease." Source: Jeanne Whalen, "Drug Makers Finance Nurses for U.K. Doctors." Wall Street Journal, 30 May 2007, Page B1. Which of the following best explains the actions of the drug companies? Select one:

a. Drug companies see this program as a way of educating patients about the various drug choices available to them

b. The companies see this program as a way to market their own products

c. The companies are committed to improving patient care in Britain

d. The companies are doing their part to ease the health care crisis in Britain

2. According to the economic way of thinking, Select one:

a. The value of a good is determined by the cost of the resources used to produce that good

b. A nation's wealth can be increased by shifting the production possibilities frontier inward.

c. Innovation makes it possible to produce good without giving up the production of another good

d. Costs are incurred when scarce resources are used to produce goods.

3. All of the statements are true about markets except Select one:

a. Markets excel at wealth creation because they often provide incentives for self-interested individuals to take socially beneficial actions

b. Markets function even without an administrator to coordinate the consumption and production plans of buyers and suppliers, respectively

c. The most equitable way to distribute goods and services is through markets

d. Markets are generally an efficient way to facilitate the exchange of goods, services, and resources

4. An institutional arrangement that provides people with opportunities and procedures for exchanging goods, services, and resources is called: Select one:

a. Barter

b. A social economy

c. Traded.

d. A market

5. Concerned that California's high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes were not operating at full capacity and therefore not easing congestion as much as they could. In 2006, California lawmakers authorized the state's Department of Motor Vehicles to distribute 85,000 stickers to owners of gasoline-electric hybrid cars. Which of the following are the consequences of this policy?

(i) The stickers increased the demand for hybrid vehicles that qualified for stickers. (ii) The price of hybrid vehicles increased. (iii) The HOV lanes became clogged with hybrid vehicles which further aggravated congestion. Select one:

a. (i) and (ii) only b. (i), (ii) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iii) only d. (i) only

6. Consider the following policy: To make sure that poor people receive emergency treatment, the U.S. government forces emergency rooms to offer free care to poor patients. Which of the following is a consequence of this policy? Select one:

a. Hospitals in poor neighborhoods are likely to close their emergency rooms because of the high cost of providing free treatment to poor patients

b. Hospitals will have to offer higher salaries to doctors and nurses to induce them to work in poor neighborhoods

c. More hospitals are likely to open emergency care facilities in poor neighborhoods because of increased demand

d. The wait time in emergency rooms will fall.

7. Consider the following three statements: (i) The slump in the housing market has led to an increase in unemployment in the housing construction market. (ii) The Federal Reserve decided to keep interest rates unchanged, motivated by the slump in the housing market. (iii) The California Air Resources Board passed a regulation requiring that 10% of all large automobiles sold in California from 2008 onward be zero-emissions vehicles: cars powered by electricity or alternative fuels like hydrogen. Which of the statements is a macroeconomics issue? Select one:

a. (ii) only b. (i), (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (ii) only d. (ii) and (iii) only

8. Consider the following three statements: (i) The slump in the housing market has led to an increase in unemployment in the housing construction market. (ii) The Federal Reserve decided to keep interest rates unchanged, motivated by the slump in the housing market. (iii) The California Air Resources Board passed a regulation requiring that 10% of all large automobiles sold in California from 2008 onward be zero-emissions vehicles: cars powered by electricity or alternative fuels like hydrogen. Which of the statements is largely a microeconomics issue? Select one:

a. (i) and (iii) only b. None of the above statements is a microeconomics issue c. (iii) only d. (i) only

9. Consider the following two medical procedures for a particular chronic illness. Procedure X has a very high patient survival rate, but patients are likely to suffer significant brain damage that greatly diminishes one's quality of life. Procedure Y has a much lower survival rate, but if a patient survives she is able to lead a full and normal life. If surgeons are compensated only if their patients survive, how will this policy affect the treatment for this illness?

Select one:

a. More of procedure X will be performed although patients are likely to suffer significant brain damage

b. Surgeons have no incentive to treat this illness

c. More of procedure Y will be performed because patients will able to lead full and normal lives

d. Patients have no incentive to seek treatment for this illness

10. Daikin, Possner, and Zoe are discussing what it means to say that people respond to incentives. Here is an extract from their conversation. Daikin: It means that people are required to behave in a cooperative fashion so that the citizens of a nation can coexist peacefully. Possner: It means that people act in ways that society approves. No rational person will do business with immoral characters. Zoe: It means that people undertake certain actions if they know that doing so will result in some form of material reward that they will not otherwise receive. Whose view accords with the economic way of thinking? Select one:

a. Only the views of Daikin and Zoe exhibit the economic way of thinking.

b. Possner's view is the only one that exhibits the economic way of thinking.

c. All three of their views exhibit an economic way of thinking.

d. Zoe's view is the only one that exhibits the economic way of thinking.

whitespider552

Case Study #3

TO WAL-MART OR NOT TO WAL-MART?

Wal-Mart is a $250-billion-a-year retailer. Eighty two percent of U.S. households made a

Wal-Mart purchase in 2002. It is the largest company in the world with a global

workforce of 1.4 million. Where Wal-Mart competes the average grocery prices are 14%

lower. In the past it was General Motors, IBM and other companies that were considered

to be the leaders in industry and the ones to watch. Now it is Wal-Mart that is being

studied in universities around the world.

At Wal-Mart, cost is king. Costs are kept low and this translates into goods being sold

for less. The entire organization is focused on reducing costs and passing those savings

on to the consumer. This allows poor people to buy food and other necessities that they

otherwise might not be able to afford. In the U.S. it dominates sales in a number of

categories : 32% of disposable diapers, 30% of hair products, 26% of toothpaste, 20% of

pet food and 13% of textiles.

Wal-Mart simply has developed the most efficient methods for operating their business.

Their inventory management, through a network of scanners, computers, and at-the-ready

suppliers, makes it the leader in successful turnover of inventory. How can we blame

Wal-Mart for being the efficient cost conscious giant that it is?

The Wal-Mart phenomenon has occurred at the same time that high-paying skilled jobs

are being lost in the manufacturing sector. When these jobs are lost, the alternative often

means being employed at Wal-Mart at a much lower pay scale with reduced benefits

such as medical insurance. Its labor costs are twenty percent less than those at

unionized supermarkets, and sales clerks make less, on average, than the federal poverty

level ($8.50 an hour).

Barbara Ehrenreich* has described the problems faced by the under class, such

as waitresses and Wal-Mart employees. They barely survive on a day-to-day basis, living

from hand to mouth, with no reserves, no safety net, no medical insurance and almost no

prospect of improving their positions in life.

The loss of manufacturing jobs has affected the lifestyles of many people. What they see

is the reality of reduced opportunity with a permanent reduction in wages and standards

of living. They are trapped in a new marketplace, with diminishing expectations and few

alternatives to shopping at Wal-Mart. This is a change in our American culture--the

dreams have now been down-sized.

Is Wal-Mart the hero or the culprit? After all, low prices, competition, and growth have

all been mantras that Americans have been chanting all of our lives. We were

told that if you built a better mouse trap, everyone would come to you. Well, Wal-Mart

has built a better mouse trap. Is there any logic in our looking at Wal-Mart as a

contributor to the loss of some our middle class or is it just jealousy and sour grapes?

For one thing, its hard line on costs has forced many factories to move overseas.

Wal-Mart imported most of the items it sells. Environmental standards

are lower in these countries where these goods are manufactured than they are in the

U.S. This probably results in increased health issues and costs. In addition, shipment of

goods many thousands of miles to their ultimate destinations, involve utilizing the

worldâs limited oil resources. When you add up all this, the cost of the goods may be

greater than if they were produced in this country.

Another issue is that Wal-Mart is a non-union employer paying wages that are below the

poverty level, with minimal health insurance coverage. As many employees cannot

afford the co-payment required for doctors office visits, when a medical crisis occurs they

are forced to use the emergency room facilities of local hospitals. The result is that the

community bears the direct cost of their medical treatment and the indirect, as well as

ancillary costs such as diminished work capacity, child care, etc.

There are other economic ramifications to the Wal-Mart explosion. When Wal-Mart

arrives in a town, âmain streetâ erodes. Neighborhood stores that used to provide goods,

services and paid their workers well, are eliminated, uprooting families and ways of life

in the process. The Wal-Mart decision to saturate Oklahoma City, resulted in the closure

of 30 supermarkets.

If Americans shop with price being the only factor that determines where they

purchase their goods, doesnât this mean the permanent down-sizing of our standard of

living? How can the local retail establishment survive when they canât compete with a

Wal-Mart? Look at what has happened to the local supermarket, bookstore, hardware

and clothing store. The demise of these small business constitutes the loss of a middle

class of society in a community. We need to think: As consumers are we better off

paying a little more to enable the local merchants and their families to survive in order to

preserve the character of our communities and society or should we concern ourselves

with price only?

HERE IS YOUR DILEMMA:

You are the mayor of a small city in the West. You canât worry about the 4,700 workers

at IBM and the other workers at technology companies who lost their jobs. Your problem

is a more local one.

A Wal-Mart representative has approached you about the possibility of building a super-

store within your city limits. The store would serve communities within a twenty-five mile

radius. The land that they intend to build upon would require new zoning. Wal-Mart

would expect a certain amount of property tax and other relief. If your city does not

want a super-store, you are certain that one of the other towns close-by would be happy

to accommodate their needs.

What studies would you require before deciding which way to vote? What ramifications

do you foresee with this new super-store? What would you ask of Wal-Mart before

agreeing to their request? How much input would you seek from the residents of your

city

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ECON 3510- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 34 pages long!)

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