KINE 1020 Study Guide - Final Guide: Pulmonary Function Testing, External Intercostal Muscles, Respiratory Tract
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Published on 14 Jun 2019
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KINE 1020
Respiratory Disease (January 7)
• respiratory system allows you to breath in and out
o begins with nose/mouth, connected to pharynx and trachea (windpipe)
o epiglottis controls air going into lungs and food into stomach (like train track)
o trachea branches into lungs, which branches into alveoli
• conductive zone (no gas exchange)
o mouth/nose →trachea→ larynx→ bronchi→ bronchioles→ humidifies, warms
and filters air
o first part of the tract: warms and moistens air (sinus and trachea)
▪ if this didn’t happen, outside air would go directly into alveoli – would
cause a lot of damage
▪ filters air
▪ cilia and mucus grab particulates in the air (you don’t want dust particles
in your alveoli –impair diffusion of oxygen)
• push up the particulates until epiglottis, and into yours mouth so
you swallow it
• respiratory zone (gas exchange)
o bronchioles→ alveoli
▪ thin membranes – thinness allows diffusion to occur
▪ diffusion @ alveoli
• get C02 generated from metabolism back out
• upload the oxygen from the outside air in
• dead air space and gas exchange
o beginning part of the tract (sinus, mouth, trachea, bronchi)- spaces air goes past
but no diffusion of o2
▪ part of air breathe in, doesn’t partake in o2 diffusion
o air comes in and there’s no diffusion of oxygen and goes out
o inhale o2 from air
▪ 21% o2
o residual volume- air left in lungs that you can never fully exhale
▪ e.g. if you take a breath of 500mL only 300mL is used for gas exchange
• composition of air
o inhaled- 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 0.97% other
o exhaled- 17% oxygen, 3.3% CO2, 1.97% other, 78% nitrogen
o dead space is why artificial respiration works
• inspiration vs. exhalation – use muscles
o inspiration
▪ external intercostal
▪ diaphragm
o exhalation
▪ passive- no muscle
▪ forced- internal intercostal or natural elasticity
• lung function test
KINE 1020
o spirometry test – measure lung volume
o total lung capacity- breathe in all you can
▪ taller/bigger- larger lungs
o vital capacity- what you can maximally breath in and out (air left in your lungs-
residual volume)
o tidal volume- smaller breaths (normal)
o measure frequency
• common lung diseases – impair getting oxygen to tissues and CO2 out
o pulmonary circulation diseases (blood vessel that supply respiratory system)
▪ clotting], scarring or inflammation of blood vessels
▪ lipids get into lumen (under lining of cells) creates plaque
▪ body tries to protect, forms fibrous cap, and cap gets cracked from blood
flow, form a thrombosis blocking area or travel downstream, becomes
embolism
▪ clots happen in deep veins in legs (stillness causes clots to form) –deep
vein thrombosis
▪ thrombosis- blocks (natives, consonant), embolism- leaves (immigrants,
vowels)
▪ path of blood flow
KINE 1020
• blood goes from the veins to the lungs and then heart
o when blood clots get stuck in capillary, it dies
o larger are= multiple alveoli
• pulmonary vasculature acts as a sieve/filter for clots protecting
the heart
▪ e.g. pulmonary embolism
• can’t breathe, chest pain, fainting, dizziness, sweating, anxiety,
can be fatal
• CT scan shows high density areas (white), lungs supposed to be
black
• treatment: anti-clots, oxygen, surgery
o restrictive lung tissue diseases (restrict lung tissues to expand)
▪ affect structure of lung or tissues of the lungs – someone sitting on you,
can’t take a deep breath
▪ reduced lung stretchiness (stiff lung)
▪ increased work of breathing
• increased O2 demand to supple external intercostal muscles to
pull ribcage apart
• reduced tidal volumes (shallow breaths)
• increased expiratory flow rates and respiratory rate
• some alveoli units may be fine; some may be disturbed (non-
uniform distribution of ventilation)
• poor gas exchange
▪ mechanical and gas exchanged are both a problem
▪ e.g. scoliosis
• lateral curve of spine (deformed chest wall, limited chest
movement, reduced lung volumes)
▪ e.g. pulmonary fibrosis
• caused by infections, environmental agents like asbestos and silica
and chronic inflammation
▪ TLC, VC, RV, TV is reduced
▪ exercise
• ventilation increased by increased respiratory rate as opposed to
TV
• higher O2 requirement
Respiratory Diseases CONT (January 9)
o airway diseases
▪ narrowing of blockage of the airways – like breathing through a straw
▪ e.g. asthma- autoimmune
• normal airways at rest
• at attack, bronchioles/airways constrict, shrinking of exits/holes,
hard for air to get in and out of lung