PSYC 3140 Study Guide - Final Guide: Smooth Pursuit, Chlorpromazine, Tardive Dyskinesia
Document Summary
Negative. symptoms the-negative-symptoms-usually-indicate-the-absence-or-insufficiency-of-normal- behaviour. -they-include-emotional-and-social-withdrawal,-apathy,-and-pov8erty-of- thought-or-speech avolition-is-the-inability-to-initiate-and-persist-in-activities. -people-with-this- symptom-(-also-referred-to-as-apathy)-show-little-interest-in-per8forming-even- the-most-basic-daily-functions,-including-those-associated-with-personal- hygiene. alogia-refers-to-the-relative-absence-of-speech. -a-per8son-with-alogia-may- respond-to-questions-with-very-brief-replies-that-have-little-content-and-may- appear-uninterested-in-the-con8versation. Sometimes-they-exhibit-bizarre-behaviours-such-as-hoarding- objects-or-acting-in-unusual-ways-in-public. -people-with-schizophrenia-engage-in- several-other- -active -behaviours-that-are-usually-viewed-as-unusual. catatonia-is-one-of-the-most-curious-symp8toms-in-some-individuals-with- schizophrenia;-it-involves-motor-dysfunctions-that-range-from-wild-agitation-to- immobility. -the-dsm8 5-now-includes-catatonia-as-a-separate-schizophrenia-spec8trum- disorder. -on-the-active-side-of-the-continuum,-some-people-pace-excitedly-or-move- their-fingers-or-arms-in-stereotyped-ways. -at-the-other-end-of-the-extreme,-people- hold-unusual-pos8tures,-as-if-they-are-fearful-of-something-terrible-happening-if-they- catatonia-is-one-of-the-most-curious-symp8toms-in-some-individuals-with- schizophrenia;-it-involves-motor-dysfunctions-that-range-from-wild-agitation-to- immobility. -the-dsm8 5-now-includes-catatonia-as-a-separate-schizophrenia-spec8trum- disorder. -on-the-active-side-of-the-continuum,-some-people-pace-excitedly-or-move- their-fingers-or-arms-in-stereotyped-ways. -at-the-other-end-of-the-extreme,-people- hold-unusual-pos8tures,-as-if-they-are-fearful-of-something-terrible-happening-if-they- move-(-catatonic-immobility). The-prognosis-is-similar-to-the-prognosis-for-people-with-schizophrenia that-is,- individuals-tend-not-to-get-better-on-their-own-and-are-likely-to-continue experiencing- major-life-difficulties-for-many-years. -dsm8 5-crite8ria-for-schizoaffective-disorder- require-that,-in-addition-to-the-presence-of-a-mood-disorder,-there-have-been- were-lumped-together-in-the-category-of-schizophrenia. -now,-however,-this-mixed- bag-of-prob8lems-is-diagnosed-as-schizoaffective-disorder. The-prognosis-is-similar-to-the-prognosis-for-people-with-schizophrenia that-is,- individuals-tend-not-to-get-better-on-their-own-and-are-likely-to-continue experiencing- major-life-difficulties-for-many-years. -dsm8 5-crite8ria-for-schizoaffective-disorder- require-that,-in-addition-to-the-presence-of-a-mood-disorder,-there-have-been- delusions-or-hallu8cinations-for-at-least-two-weeks-in-the-absence-of-prominent-mood- symptoms. Typically,-these-delusions-differ-from-the-more-bizarre-types-often-found-in-people- with-schizophrenia-because-in-delu8sional-disorder-the-imagined-events-could-be- happening-but-aren"t-(-e. -g. ,-mistakenly-believing-you-are-being-followed);-in- schizophrenia,-however,-the-imagined-events-aren"t-possible-(-e. -g. ,-believing-your- brain-waves-broadcast-your-thoughts-to-other-people-around-the-world). -the-dsm8 5- allows-for-one-bizarre-delusion,-which-separates-it-from-a-diagnosis-of-schizo8phrenia,- which-requires-more-than-one-delusion-to-be-present shared. psychotic. disorder-(-folie- -deux),-the-condition-in-which-an-individual- develops-delusions-simply-as-a-result-of-a-close-relationship-with-a-delusional- schizophrenia,-however,-the-imagined-events-aren"t-possible-(-e. -g. ,-believing-your- brain-waves-broadcast-your-thoughts-to-other-people-around-the-world). -the-dsm8 5- allows-for-one-bizarre-delusion,-which-separates-it-from-a-diagnosis-of-schizo8phrenia,- which-requires-more-than-one-delusion-to-be-present shared. psychotic. disorder-(-folie- -deux),-the-condition-in-which-an-individual- develops-delusions-simply-as-a-result-of-a-close-relationship-with-a-delusional- individual. -the-content-and-nature-of-the-delusion-originate-with-the-partner-and-can- range-from-the-relatively-bizarre,-such-as-believing-enemies-are-sending-harm8ful- gamma-rays-through-your-house,-to-the-fairly-ordinary,-such-as-believing-you-are- about-to-receive-a-major-promotion-despite-evi8dence-to-the-contrary. The-dsm8 5-includes-two-categories-of-these-disorders:-substance8 induced-psychotic- disorder-and-psychotic-disorder-due-to-another-medical-condition so-that-clinicians- can-qualify-the-nature-of-these-difficulties. brief-psychotic-disorder,-which-is-charac8terized-by-the-presence-of-one-or-more- positive-symptoms-such-as-delusions,-hallucinations,-or-disorganized-speech-or- behaviour-lasting-one-month-or-less. -individuals-like-arthur-regain-their-previous- ability-to-function-well-in-day8 to8 day-activities. -brief-psychotic-disorder-is-often- precipitated-by-extremely-stressful-situations. Some-individuals-who-start-to-develop-psychotic-symptoms-such-as-hallucinations-or- delusions-are-often-sufficiently-distressed-to-seek-help-from-mental-health- professionals. -they-can-be-at-high-risk-for-developing-schizophrenia-and-may-be-at-an- early-stage-of-the-disorder-(-called-prodromal). -although-they-may-not-meet-the-full- criteria-for-schizophrenia,-they-may-be-good-candidates-for-early-intervention-in-an- effort-to-prevent-symptoms-from-worsen8ing. -to-focus-attention-on-these-individuals,- the-dsm8 5-is-propos8ing-a-potentially-new-psychotic-disorder-for-further-study-called- attenuated-psychosis-syndrome professionals. -they-can-be-at-high-risk-for-developing-schizophrenia-and-may-be-at-an- early-stage-of-the-disorder-(-called-prodromal). -although-they-may-not-meet-the-full- criteria-for-schizophrenia,-they-may-be-good-candidates-for-early-intervention-in-an- effort-to-prevent-symptoms-from-worsen8ing. -to-focus-attention-on-these-individuals,- the-dsm8 5-is-propos8ing-a-potentially-new-psychotic-disorder-for-further-study-called- attenuated-psychosis-syndrome. Research-from-england-suggests-that-proportionately-more-blacks-receive-the- diagnosis-of-schizophrenia-than-do-whites. -one-possibility-is-that-people-from- devalued-ethnic-minority-groups-may-be-victims-of-bias-and-stereotyping;-in-other- words,-they-may-be-more-likely-to-receive-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia-than-members- of-a-dominant-group. -one-prospective-study-of-schizo8phrenia-among-different-ethnic- groups-in-london-found-that,-although-the-outcomes-of-schizophrenia-appear-similar- across-various-ethnic-groups,-blacks-were-more-likely-to-be-detained-against-their-will,- brought-to-the-hospital-by-police,-and-given-emergency-injections. Despite-the-possibility-that-schizophrenia-may-be-several-different-disorders,-we-can- safely-make-one-generalization:-genes-are-responsible-for-making-some-individuals- vulnerable-to-schizophrenia. you-have-the-greatest-chance-(-approximately-48-percent)-of-having-schizophrenia-if-it- has-affected-your-identical-(-monozy8gotic)-twin,-a-person-who-shares-100-percent-of- your-genetic-information. -your-risk-drops-to-about-17-percent-with-a-fraternal- (-dizygotic)-twin,-who-shares-about-50-percent-of-your-genetic-information. -and- having-any-relative-with-schizophrenia-makes-you-more-likely-to-have-the-disorder- than-someone-in-the-general-population-without-such-a-relative-(-about-1-percent). Caspi-and-colleagues-tested-whether-there-might-be-certain-genetically-vul8nerable- individuals-who-are-particularly-susceptible-to-the-effects-of-cannabis-initiating- psychosis. -indeed,-they-found-that-the-com8bination-of-a-particular-genetic-profile-(-i. - e. ,-carriers-of-the-cate8chol8 o8 methyltransferase-[-comt]-valine-[-val]-158-allele-as- compared-to-those-with-two-copies-of-the-methionine-[-met]-allele)-were-particularly- likely-to-develop-schizophrenia-in-adult8hood. -but-this-was-only-true-if-these- individuals-had-used-cannabis-as-teenagers. To-date,-researchers-have-looked-at-several-sites-for-genes-that-may-be-responsible- for-schizophrenia. -for-example,-regions-of-chromosomes-1,-2,-3,-5,-6,-8,-10,-11,-13,-20,- e. ,-carriers-of-the-cate8chol8 o8 methyltransferase-[-comt]-valine-[-val]-158-allele-as- compared-to-those-with-two-copies-of-the-methionine-[-met]-allele)-were-particularly- likely-to-develop-schizophrenia-in-adult8hood. -but-this-was-only-true-if-these- individuals-had-used-cannabis-as-teenagers. The-chemical-mes8sages-can-be-increased-by-agonistic-agents-or-decreased-by-antag8 onistic-agents. -antagonistic-effects-slow-down-or-stop-messages-from-being- transmitted-by-preventing-the-release-of-the-neuro8transmitter,-blocking-uptake-at- the-level-of-the-dendrite,-or-caus8ing-leaks-that-reduce-the-amount-of- neurotransmitter-ultimately-released. -conversely,-agonistic-effects-assist-with-the- transfer8ence-of-chemical-messages-and,-if-extreme,-can-produce-too-much- neurotransmitter-activity-by-increasing-production-or-release-of-the-neurotransmitter,- and-by-affecting-more-receptors-at-the-dendrites. The-effects-of-certain-drugs-that-affect-nmda-receptors-point-to-clues-to- schizophrenia. -two-recreational-drugs--phencyclidine-(-pcp)-and-ketamine can-result- in-psychotic8 like-behaviour-in-people-without-schizophrenia-and-can-exacerbate- psychotic-symptoms-in-those-with-schizophrenia. -both-pcp-and-ketamine-are-nmda- antagonists,-suggesting-that-a-defi8cit-in-glutamate-or-blocking-of-nmda-sites-may-be- involved-in-some-of-the-symptoms-of-schizophrenia.