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BIOL 1010 Study Guide - Final Guide: Basophil, Mhc Restriction, Mast Cell

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School
Boston College
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1010
Professor
Carol Chaia Halpern

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Document Summary

What are the major features of the inflammatory response and how do they come about? more irregular lumen (inner space) than blood capillaries and are more. Transports and returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system. Cleans fluid lymphocytes are involved in gets returned to the blood stream is. What are the components and functions of the lymphatic system? cleansed. Structural components: vessels, nodes, and other lymphoid tissues. Whereas a blood capillary has an arterial and a venous end, a lymph capillary has no arterial end. Instead, each lymph capillary originates as a closed tube. Lymph capillaries also have a larger and permeable. The wall of a lymph capillary is constructed of endothelial cells that overlap one another. (do not overlap in blood capillaries). When fluid outside the capillary pushes against the overlapping cells, they swing slightly inward--like a swinging door that moves in only one direction. Fluid inside the capillary cannot flow out through these openings.

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Related Questions

How did inoculation with cowpox generate immunological memory and provide protection against smallpox? Did cross-reactivity play a role?

How did Pasteur’s work with attenuated (weakened) bacteria further our understanding of the role vaccination can play?

What are the three characteristics that define an adaptive immune response? Briefly define each of the characteristics.

Define primary versus secondary immune response.

What’s the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and oligopotent when evaluating cell differentiation capacity?

What is hematopoiesis?

What cell types are derived from myeloid versus lymphoid progenitor cells? Describe the function of each WBC type.

What is clonal selection?

What role do antibodies play with regard to antigen recognition and immune defense that is different from what Tcrs provide?

As described in class generally understand the outcome of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell activation. Understand that these cells can differentiate into effector (plasma cells, cytokine producing Th cells and CTLs) or memory cells.

Understand how granzymes and perforins play a role in apoptosis.

Which types of cells typically express MHC Class II? Do these cell types also express MHC Class I, and if so why?

With regard to Tc and Th cells, what kinds of peptide antigens (think about exogenously versus endogenously derived antigens) are recognized?

Be able to show cooperation between Tc, Th and B cell responses (refer to class notes).

What is the overall role of MHC Class I and II?

What is ADCC and what cell types are involved?

Understand and be able to provide examples highlighting the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Note: ADCC and dendritic cell and macrophage interactions with Th cells illustrate examples of innate/adaptive cooperation.

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What role do they play?

What role does the lymphatic circulatory system play in immune defense?

What’s the difference between plasma, ISF, and lymph?

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

How is lymph ultimately delivered back to blood?

Define extravasation. Why is this important?

What are HEVs and what role do they play?

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?

What role do lymph nodes play?

What role does the spleen play?

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

What’s MALT and its role?

What is the inflammatory response and what are characteristics associated with inflammation?

What role does histamine play in the inflammatory response?

The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
  2. How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
  3. Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
  4. Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
  5. Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
  2. There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
  3. Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
  4. How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
  5. Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
  2. Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
  3. Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
  4. Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
  5. Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

1. Diseases are those abnormal conditionsin which the bodys defensive cells fail to make the self versus thenonself distinction correctly, and attack the body's owntissues.
A. Cancerous
B. Septic
C. Autoimmune
D. Nondiscrete

2. Which of the following determinesgenetic sex (male or female) in mammals?
A. the acrosome of the sperm
B. the temperature of the developing fetus
C. the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
D. the genetic makeup of the parents
E. the Y chromosome contained in the egg

3. Which of the following regardingantigens is true?
A. Antigens can only be recognized by their specificity.
B. An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immuneresponse.
C. A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes, eachof which can stimulate a distinct immune response.
D. The most effective antigen are small simple amino acidcomplexes.
E. Bacteria do not contain antigens.

4. All of the following are defensemechanism employed by vertebrates except

A. negative test, as in, not findingself-markers.

B. change in chromosomal composition

C. positive test to recognize presence ofnonself-markers

D. specific antibodies.

E. skin and mucous membranes asbarriers.

5. The immune system depends on thefunction of ______, which include several types of phagocytic cellsand two kinds of lymphocytes.

A. platelets

B. leukocytes

C. target cells

D. erythrocytes

6. In comparing the kidneys of marine andfreshwater fish, which of the following is not true?

A. Freshwater fish fluids have a greaterosmotic concentration.

B. Marine fish excrete many of the divalentcations through the anus.

C. The flow of the filtrate is faster inmarine fish.

D. The urine is less concentrated infreshwater fish.

E. Marine fish drink greater quantities ofwater.

7. The kidneys of which one of thefollowing are so highly efficient that it never has to drink waterand can obtain all of its water from its food?

A. desert lizard

B. camel

C. pocket moue Perognathus

D. kangaroo rat

E. gerbil

8. Select the incorrect statement regardingthe temperature of the immune system.

A. Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen, which cancause the neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body'stemperature, producing a fever.

B. Fevers cause the liver and spleen tostore sodium and potassium which bacteria need for their growth andmetabolism.

C. Fevers above 105 ° F can be fatal.

D. Fever contributes to the body's defensesby stimulating phagocytosis.

E. When macrophages encounter invadingcells, they release interleukin-1, which is carried to the brain bythe circulatory system.

9. Which of the following is not amechanism to prevent polyspermy?

A. change in membrane otential of egg

B. vitelline envelopes lift off surface ofegg

C. sperm nuclei degraded inside eggallowing one to fuse

D. cortical granule enzymes remove spermreceptors from egg

E. altering composition of exterior eggcoat

10. Which of the following cells have anincorrect function?

A. neutrophil---important antigenpresenting cell

B. eosinophil---important to theelimination of parasites

C. mast cell---releases histamine

D. macrophage---phagocytic cell

E. monocyte---precursor of macrophage

11. Which part of the antibody moleculedetermines its role in the immune response?

A. disulfide chains

B. the entire molecule

C. the stem of the Y

D. the heavy chains

E. two arms of the Y

12. Select the incorrectly matchedimmunoglobin (Ig)subclass and a fact about it.

A. IgG---found in the plasma and secretedin secondary response

B. IgM---first secreted during primaryresponse

C. IgE----promotes the release ofhistamine

D. IgA----found in saliva and mother’smilk

E. IgD----serve as receptors on thesurfaces of T cells

13. _______ are the source ofantibody-producing cells.

A. B cells

B. Plasma cells

C. Monocytes

D. Macrophages

E. T cells

14. Select the incorrect statementregarding the inflammatory response.

A. The alarm signals can be histamines orprostaglandins.

B. The inflammation response is a localizedspecific response to infection or injury.

C. Neutrophils spill chemical in the areaof injury or infection that kills bacteria, tissues, andthemselves.

D. Tissue can exhibit edema from thedilation of the blood vessels in the area of injury orinfection.

E. If a cell is injured or infected, itreleases chemical alarm signals that promote dilation of bloodvessels at the injury site.

15. Reproduction in reptiles compares toreproduction in birds in that

A. both newly hatched birds and reptilesrequire parental care.

B. the eggs of both birds and reptiles haveprotective shells.

C. birds are oviparous, reptiles areovoviviparous.

D. both exhibit external fertilization.

E. male or female reptiles reproduceasexually; birds do not.

16. ______diseases are those abnormalconditions in which the body’s defensive cells fail to make theself versus the nonself distinction correctly, and attack thebody’s own tissues.

A. Cancerous

B. Septic

C. Autoimmune

D. Nondiscrete

17. Most marine invertebrates areosmoconformers. This means that

A. the osmolality of their body fluids isequal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the sameenvironments.

B. the osmolality of their body fluidsfluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on theseason and the tides.

C. the osmolality of their body fluids isnot the same as their seawater environment

D. the osmolality of their body fluids isthe same as their seawater environment and that their bodiescontain the same solutes as their surroundings

E. the osmolality of their body fluids isthe same as their seawater environment

18. Which of the following determinesgenetic (male or female) in mammals?

A. the acrosome of the sperm

B. the temperature of the developingfetus

C. the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

D. the genetic makeup of the parents

E. the Y chromosome contained in theegg





If you can please explain why and how yougot the answer. 5 star rating for correct answers only, I have theanswer sheet, and just want to double check.