ANAT 103 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: External Intercostal Muscles, Bronchopulmonary Segment, Respiratory Tract
19 Sep 2016
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glottis is the whole between the vocal folds, just the space that makes the air go down to the trachea when you are
talking
a total of ten ways to lead you into the broncho pulmonary segment on the left and on the right (10 tertiary on each
side)
the broncho capillaries supply the tissue of the lung (systemic circulation)
the pulmonary capillaries at the dead ends of the alveoli this is where gas exchange happens, this then goes to the
rest of the body
when hemoglobins affinity goes down- it releases oxygen to the outside
the temperature changes the cage
if it is warmer then it opens the cage and the oxygen leaves
as you add more oxygen then the hemoglobin grabs more, you are feeding the reaction what it needs
a chlorine has to come in for a bicarb to go out and vice versa
7% of it gets dissolved in the plasma
20% gets carried by amino acid
70% is that chemical reaction
CRASH COURSE
• Diffusion: when a material automatically flows from where its concentration is high to where it's low
o Works really well except for the guys in the big league - anything bigger than a worm is just too big and
needs too much oxygen for diffusion to work
• Respiratory system: bff's with the circulatory system - uses bulk flow (like public transportation and moves
large number of molecules quickly) and simple diffusion (need short distance to make diffusion quickly - which
is why oxygen can't diffuse from air to cells directly) to get oxygen that make cellular respiration possible
o Trachea
o Lungs
o Ribs: pushing on your lungs from the top and sides
o Diaphragm: big, thin set of muscles that separates your thorax from abdomen - when your lungs empty,
your diaphragm relaxes and kind of looks like an arc pushing up to squish your lungs
• Movement of air:
o When you breath in, your diaphragm contracts (pulling itself flat) and your external intercostal muscles
between your rib cage contract (lifts the ribs up and out), making the chest cavity expand - makes the
pressure inside your lungs lower than the air outside your body & since fluids like gases move from high
pressure to low pressure, the lungs fill up with outside air
• Then the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax again and the pressure inside the
lungs becomes higher than the outside air - the air rushes out
• All organs of the respiratory system falls into 2 functional zones:
o Conducting zone: upper part that funnels air in - starts with the nose (which is supported by bone and
cartilage and hairs with mucus inside it that filters dust and other particles) and sinuses help to warm
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and moisten incoming air so it doesn't dry out those sensitive lung cells that have to stay wet
(MOISTURE IS KEEEEEY b/c we need water for oxygen to dissolve into before it can diffuse across
phospholipid bilayers of our cells)
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Trachea
• Nose
• Mouth
• Larynx
• Lungs
o Respiratory zone: where the actual gas exchange occurs
• Bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveoli: made of simple squamous epithelial tissue - where oxygen molecules dissolve in the wet
mucous, diffuse across epithelial cells and then cross the single layer of endothelial cells lining
the capillaries to enter the bloodstream - and where CO2 diffuses out of the blood and then
follows the same route back up to the nose and mouth where it's exhaled)
• Esophagus and trachea share common space of pharynx
o If you're swallowing the stuff comes across the epiglottis (trap door of tissue that covers the larynx and
directs food toward the esophagus to go to the stomach)
• Esophagus is nice and flexible but your trachea is rigid and has prominent cartilage rings (since
the lungs create negative pressure with every breath, the trachea needs those rings to keep it
open - if it were soft and floppy, it would collapse every time the pressure dropped and you
wouldn't be able to breathe
o Trachea splits in 2, forming right and left primary bronchi
PART 2
• Hyperventilating: exhaling more CO2 than you should, so you breath in a paper bag and breath in all the CO2
you just breathed out
o Hypocapnia: drop in CO2 in the blood - when you hyperventilate
• Internal balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide factors heavily into all sorts of stuff, especially in the
blood, where it can affect your blood's pressure, pH level, and temperature!!
o Aka exchange of gases inside your blood cells, where the stuff your body doesn't want for the stuff it
desperately needs
• Blood stuff:
o Hemoglobin has 4 protein chains (each with an iron atom, since iron binds readily with oxygen, that's
how hemoglobin transports oxygen around your body)
• Hemoglobins affinity for oxygen isn't always the same - sometimes we want it to have a high
affinity for oxygen so it can easily grab it & other times we want it to have a low affinity for oxygen
so it can dump those molecules to feed our cells
▪ Hb knows when to keep and when to dump oxygen because of Partial pressure (move
from areas of high pressure to low pressure and from high concentration to low
concentration)
▪ Air is a mixture of molecules (oxygen is only 21% of air, nitrogen makes up most of it) -
need to know the overall air pressure b/c more molecules in a certain volume means more
pressure
• Partial pressure gives us a way of understanding how much oxygen there is based
on the pressure it's creating
• Ex: the pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg but since only 21% of that air is oxygen,
oxygen's part of that pressure/partial pressure
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▪ Dissolved gases always diffuse down their partial pressure gradients
• Why it's hard to breath when climbing a mountain (concentration of oxygen stays at
about 21% but pressure gets lower, so partial pressure also decreases) so
basically there's no partial pressure gradient, and it makes it really hard to get
oxygen into your blood
• When things bind to proteins (of Hb), they tend to change shape, but when oxygen runs into an
empty Hb, things are awkward but when they finally bind, Hb changes shape and makes it easier
for other oxygen molecules to attach (cooperativity)/increase in affinity until the Hb molecule is
fully saturated, making it oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
▪ By the time the blood leaves the lungs, each Hb is fully saturated, the PO2 in your plasma
is about 100mmHg and now it can be delivered to where it's needed most (active muscles,
brain, etc.)
▪ When the oxygen is released from your RBC's, that makes the PO2 in your plasma drop,
so Hb starts to give up more O2 in the plasma
• Heat & CO2 are also happening and they activate release of more O2 by lowering
Hb's affinity for it
• So when that oxygen hits the warm tissue that's working hard, it releases
more oxygen!
• Carbon dioxide also binds to Hb, which also causes it to let go of even more
O2
• Spike in CO2 that's released by muscle tissues actually makes your blood
more acidic - since your blood is mostly water, when CO2 dissolves in it, it
makes carbonic acid, which breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen
ions - these bind to Hb, changing its shape and lowering its affinity for
oxygen again!
▪ Then your Hb travels back through the blood to the lungs again and changes shape back
to the way it was before so it can drop the CO2 (moves down partial pressure gradient,
into the air of your lungs so you can exhale it, and then start all over again)
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