BIOL 240 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Cricoid Cartilage, Sphenoidal Sinus, Phrenic Nerve
Upper%respiratory%tract:%sphenoidal%sinus,%frontal,%nasal%cavity,%pharynx (conducting*
zone)
Lower%respiratory%tract%:larynx,%trachea,%bronchi,%lungs,%pleura,%diaphragm%
(respiratory*zone)
True%vocal%cords%lay%inferior%to%false%vocal%cords
•
If%epiglottis%doesn’t%work,%food%falls%in%right%bronchus,%its%more%straight
•
Behind%thyroid%cartilage% and%above%cricoid% are%three%cartilages:%arytenoid,%
corniculate,%cuneiform,%9th%is%the%most%inferior,%arytenoid,%corniculate,%
cuneiform%
•
Trachea%is%not%closed%so%it%can%expand%when%swallowing
•
Cricoid%cartilage%is%closed%so%it%can%prevent%too%large%food%items
•
Bronchi%decrease%in%size%as%you%go%down
•
Sites%of%respiration%happen%in%the respiratory*zone,%in%the%air%blood%barrier,%
good%to%exchange%gas
•
Oxygen%is%released%from%lungs%to%the%red%blood%cells
•
Type%2%cells%secrete%surfactant%(alveolus),%typr%1%is%the%actual%exchange%of%gases
•
Macrophages%get%microorganisms%off%the%alveoli%for%respiration
•
The%air%blood%barrier%(the%respiratory%membrane)%is%where%gas%exchange%occurs
•
Carbon%dioxide%and%oxygen%exchange%together,%c02%has%two%oxygens%in%it
•
Increasing%sign%of%the%thoracic%cavity%decreases%pressure%allowing%air%to%flow%in%
•
Phrenic%nerve%innervates%the%diaphragm
•
The%respiratory%center%is%involuntary%which%occur%in%the%brain%stem%within%the%
reticular%formation
•
Sympathetic%innervation%causes%bronchiodilatation%increasing%the%size%of%the%
bronchioles,%running-need%more%oxygen
•
Increase%in%respiration%increases%the%heart%rate,%the%autonomic%nerve%fibers%that%
innervate%the%heart%also%send%branches%to%the%respiratory%structures
•
Chemorecptors%are%found%in%the%medulla%brain%stem-detect%changes%in%blood%
chemistry
•
parasympathetic
Aortic%bodies%send%sensory%info%to%medulla%through%the%vagus%nerve- 9
•
Carotid%bodies%send%information%to%medulla%through%glossopharyngeal%nerve-10
•
12-24%hours%in%the%large%intestine,%6-12%in%the%small%intestine•
Types%of%tissue%epithelial% slide%•
Second%slide%of%the%GI%tract%•
Salivary%gland%are%for%lubrication,%gallblader%storage%site%for%bile%to%break%down%
fattyood%furthur,%liver%doesn’t%process%fat,%pancrease%secretes%insulin%and%
glucogen
•
Retroperitoneal%organs:%pancreas%kidneys%and%adrenal%gland•
Histology%of%the%stomach:%chief%cells%secrete% pepsinogen%(digest%proteins),%
stimulated%by%gastin%hormone
•
Invaginations%in%the%mucosa,%stomach%is%buffered%prevents%hcl%from%eating%
stomach
•
Parietal%cells:%hcl,%intrinisic%factor%is%for%b12%absorption•
amylase%digests%carbs,%lypase%digest%fats%and%lipids•
Gastric%ulcers:%bacteria•
Any%secretions%that%go%into%the%GI%tract(mouth,pharynx,%esophagus,%small,%large,%
anus)%are%exocrine%secretions%because%the%GI%tract%is%continuous%with%the%
outside%body,%digestive%tract%are%exocrine%secretions
•
The%small%intestine%is%meters,%longest%part%of%the%canal•
Illeum,%jejunum,%duodenum%(order%of%abundance)•
Bile%duct%is%in%the%liver,%liver%is%the%largest%gland%in%the%body,%know%liver%functions•
Hepatic%lobules%located%in%the%liver%and%require%a%lot%of%energy,%highly%complex%
liver%cells
•
Diaphragm%is%the%primary%muscle%by%which%you%change%pressure%in%the%thoracic%
cavity
•
Diaphragm%contracts%inferiorly,%allowing%air%to%flow%in,%increases%size%of%the%
thoracic%cavity,%lowering%pressure%so%air%goes%in
•
Diaphragm%is%smooth%muscle%and%involuntary%innervated%by%the%phrenic%nerve•
Exhalation%internal%intercostal%muscles•
During%inhalation%external% intercostal%muscles%rise%ribs%•
Trachea%bronchial%tree%and%lungs%are%part%of%the%autonomic%nervous%system•
Bolus%is%food%mixed%with%saliva•
Smooth%muscle:%walls%of%vessels,%respiratory%and%digestive%tubes,%urinary%and%
reproductive%organs
•
Stomach%is%for%temporary%storage%and%mixing•
Stomach parietal%cells:%hcl,%and%intrinisic%factor•
Chief%cells:%pepsinogen,%gastin•
Ulcers%occur%when%hcl%penetrated%stomach%lining%and%invades%other%tissues•
Folds%and%vili%in%small%intestine%help%for%absorbtion,%enzymatic%digestions%occurs•
Made%of%teniae%coli,%haustra%sacs,%epiploic%appendages:%colon•
Bile%is%excreted%from%the%gallbladder%during%a%fatty%meal•
Bile%helps%dissolve%fat•
Pancreas%exocrine:%for%proteins%carbs%and%lipids•
Endocrine:%glucagon%and%insuliin•
Bile%aids%in%the%digestion%of%lipids•
Exam%Five%Review
Tuesday,% May% 1,%2018
7:23%PM
Document Summary
Upper respiratory tract: sphenoidal sinus, frontal, nasal cavity, pharynx (conducting zone) Lower respiratory tract :larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleura, diaphragm (respiratory zone) True vocal cords lay inferior to false vocal cords. If epiglottis doesn"t work, food falls in right bronchus, its more straight. Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid are three cartilages: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, 9th is the most inferior, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform. Trachea is not closed so it can expand when swallowing. Cricoid cartilage is closed so it can prevent too large food items. Bronchi decrease in size as you go down. Sites of respiration happen in the respiratory zone, in the air blood barrier, good to exchange gas. Oxygen is released from lungs to the red blood cells. Type 2 cells secrete surfactant (alveolus), typr 1 is the actual exchange of gases. Macrophages get microorganisms off the alveoli for respiration. The air blood barrier (the respiratory membrane) is where gas exchange occurs.
