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BIOL 4094 : Test 1 Practice

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azuremammoth471
15 Mar 2019
School
LSU
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 4094
Professor
All

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Document Summary

Make-up exams may be oral or essay format. Four 1 hour exams @ 100 points each. Name: protein kinase a, protein kinase b, protein kinase c, phospholipase c, all of the above, camp; glucose, amp; glucose, atp; glucose, glucose; camp, glucose-6-p; amp. Each correct answer is worth 2. 5 points: albuterol is a drug inhaled by asthma patients that binds -adrenergic receptors and results, in the lungs, in relaxation of the bronchi and bronchioles. 73122 and glucagon, which protein of the glucagon signal transduction cascade will be only partially active: phosphoglucomutase is incubated with glucose-1-phosphate in which the phosphate has been radiolabelled. Alas, he observes no phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. One contains a mutation that results in an inactive protein kinase a, a seond contains a mutant hormone-sensitive lipase that cannot be phosphorylated, and the third contains a mutant perilipin that cannot be phosphorylated.

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Related Questions

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

18. In Chapter 15, yet another “house” figure shows 14 indoor air pollutants found in many modern homes. List each pollutant, source, and threat. (3 points)

20. List the 6 major sources of outdoor air pollution (0.5 point).

21. List the 13 harmful effects of ozone depletion, according to your textbook’s “Natural Capital Degradation” figure. (1 point)

22. List the 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages of Carbon and Energy Taxes, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)

23. List the 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages of Cap and Trade policies, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)

24. What 13 things can you do to reduce your CO2 emissions, according to your textbook figure? (“Individuals matter”) (1 point)

25. List the 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of recycling, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)

26. What 8 things can you do to reduce your output of solid waste, according to your textbook figure, Individuals matter? (1 point)

27. What 4 things can you do to reduce your output of hazardous waste, according to your textbook figure, Individuals matter? Keep examples in your example. (1 point)

28. The economies of most of the world’s countries are not truly free-market because they violate which three principles of a free market system? (1 point)

29. List 10 ways we can use economic tools to deal with environmental problems, according to Section 17.2 of your textbook. (0.5 point)

30. Define environmental justice, and describe in some detail two examples of environmental discrimination (injustice). (2 points)

NEED HELP PLEASE. CAN YOU PLEASE DO IT ALL NOT JUST ANSWER ONE.

MY ANIMALS ARE: HUMAN, KANGAROO, RHESUS MONKEY, BULLFROG, LAMPREY, SNAPPING TURTLE, TUNA, AND EARTHWORM

Step 3: Cytochrome c Analysis

Scientists have found that almost all living organisms have a gene that codes for a protein called Cytochrome c. This chart lists the amino acids found in the Cytochrome c protein of some of the organisms on your cladogram.

Note: not all the organisms you used will be in the chart; as such, you can focus this analysis on the animals that are in the chart. If you only chose three animals that are in the chart, you should probably extend your amino acid analysis to include a couple animals that aren’t on your cladogram.

You will use the data provided in this chart to compare and analyze the amino acid sequences for Cytochrome c among these organisms. Be sure that your comparison considers the entire amino acid sequence, through amino acid 112, and not just the first lines of the chart. Once you have compared the sequences, you will write a discussion about your findings.

Amino Acid Sequences in Cytochome-C Proteins

1-30

Amino Acid Position Number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Human, Chimpanzee

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rhesus Monkey

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Horse

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Pig, Cow, Sheep

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Dog

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Gray Whale

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rabbit

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Kangaroo

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Penguin

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

I

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

S

O

C

H

T

V

E

K

Snapping Turtle

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Bullfrog

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

C

E

K

Tuna

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

D

V

A

K

G

K

K

T

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

N

31-60

Amino Acid Position Number

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

Human, Chimpanzee

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

A

N

Rhesus Monkey

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

A

N

Horse

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Pig, Cow, Sheep

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Dog

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Gray Whale

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Rabbit

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Kangaroo

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Penguin

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Snapping Turtle

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

E

A

N

Rattlesnake

G

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

A

N

Bullfrog

G

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

Y

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

A

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Tuna

G

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

W

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

Y

S

Y

T

D

A

N

61-90

Amino Acid Position Number

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

38

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

Human, Chimpanzee

K

N

K

G

I

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rhesus Monkey

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Horse

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

K

E

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Pig, Cow, Sheep

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Dog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Gray Whale

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rabbit

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Kangaroo

K

N

K

G

I

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Penguin

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Snapping Turtle

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rattlesnake

K

N

K

G

I

I

W

G

D

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

V

F

Bullfrog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Tuna

K

S

K

G

I

V

W

N

N

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

91-112

Amino Acid Position Number

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

Human, Chimpanzee

V

G

I

K

K

K

E

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Rhesus Monkey

V

G

I

K

K

K

E

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Horse

A

G

I

K

K

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Common Zebra

A

G

I

K

K

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Pig, Cow, Sheep

A

G

I

K

K

K

G

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Dog

A

G

I

K

K

T

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

K

E

Gray Whale

A

G

I

K

K

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Rabbit

A

G

I

K

K

K

D

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Kangaroo

A

G

I

K

K

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

K

A

T

N

E

Penguin

A

G

I

K

K

K

S

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Snapping Turtle

A

G

I

K

K

K

A

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Rattlesnake

T

G

L

K

K

K

K

E

R

T

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

E

A

T

A

K

Bullfrog

A

G

I

K

K

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

S

A

C

S

K

Tuna

A

G

I

K

K

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

V

A

Y

L

K

S

A

T

S

-

More information:

Cytochrome c is a protein used in cellular respiration by most eukaryotes, which is why it's a very common protein to use for comparisons. You don't need to know anything about cellular respiration or the protein itself to do this analysis; just remember that a protein is a specific chain of amino acids.

Which amino acids are found, and the order in which they're found (their sequence), determine the shape, structure, and function of the protein. Also remember that an amino acid sequence is directly determined by the DNA sequence, so similarities in one also indicate similarities in the other.

Please note that the entire sequence of 112 amino acids represents one protein, and this sequence data is all one chart, not four. As such, your analysis should consider the sequence as a whole, and not amino acids 1 – 30, then amino acids 31 – 60, etc.

Be careful not to read too much into the differences you find. Since this analysis only looks at one protein, you will not be able to connect differences here to specific differences in traits between organisms. In other words, it might be that all animals with a placenta have a “V” at a particular location, while animals without a placenta have either a “C” or a “K.” That similarity helps us confirm that those animals with a placenta are more closely related to each other than to the others, but the “V” does not code for the placenta, nor is it related to that particular trait at all.

How to Analyze the Data

While you analyze the data that you are given to identify similarities and differences, be sure to use specific data to draw your comparisons, hypotheses, and discussions from. It is especially helpful to quantitatively compare data. A good way to do this, or at least to start, is to pick one species as a starting point or ‘baseline’ and then compare the amount of differences between that and each other species. Be careful, though, about the conclusions you draw – if species B and C each have 5 differences from species A, then they could have anywhere from 0 to 10 differences with each other!

Once you’ve compared each animal to a baseline animal, you should also compare other pairs of species so that you can discuss their specific relationships. If you only have a few animals with data to analyze in part C, you could simply make this comparison for every pair. If you have 6 or 7 animals, then you could pick just a few pairs to compare.

There are other legitimate ways to form quantitative data – for instance, you could focus on specific locations where most animals have the same amino acid, but some are different. These types of analysis tend to be harder to interpret, though. If you choose to use them, I suggest that you still complete at least some of the above types of analysis as well.

The discussion topics that I'm looking for are:

Use the chart to compare the amino acid sequences for the organisms. Do this in a way that lets you obtain quantitative (numerical) data; see above for suggestions.

Hypothesize about how closely related the different organisms are, based on the amino acid data in the chart.

In particular, focus on organisms that are also found on your phylogenetic tree, but you may choose to discuss others, too. That would be especially helpful if you used only three or four of the organisms that are also in the chart, or if one or more organisms that you did not include in your tree jump out at you as being especially similar or especially different from the ones you did include.

This does not need to be in the form of a formal hypothesis; that is, you do not need to put this in “if/then/because” form.

Because “how closely related” can be interpreted in many ways, it’s often helpful to put this in relative terms: “Animal D is the closest relative to Animal A.” “Animals C and B are more closely related to each other than either one is to Animal D.”

Discuss how this analysis compares to the relationships that were shown on your phylogenetic tree.

To start, does the Cytochrome c data agree or disagree with the relationships shown on the tree?

Remember that "discuss" means more than simply identifying whether the relationships are the same or different as what is shown. You can also suggest why they're likely the same, or what possible differences could imply, if anything. See the note at the end of “More Information” above – don’t read TOO MUCH into any one piece of data!

If your amino acid analysis included animals that weren’t on your cladogram, you could use your amino acid data to speculate where they likely “fit” on the cladogram.

The phrase “common ancestor” should show up somewhere in this discussion.

Please be aware that Step 3 should be written as a short essay, not a list or set of questions and answers. You may include a chart or table for the quantitative data you identified, but the key findings should also be written in sentence form. Once you’ve finished writing this, please proofread for spelling, grammar, and writing clarity.

Step 3 should be a sizeable portion of this portfolio. I expect that your analysis should be about 250 – 400 words long in order to thoroughly analyze the data and discuss the questions.