SOCL 2001 : Study Guide Exam 2 With Answers
Study Guide: Exam 2, Chapters 7-10,16 Monday March 26th
Demography: Scientific study of human populationsExamines size,
composition, distribution, and the changes and causes of the three.
Population:A group of people who share a geographic territory-Vary in size
from a small town to the planet.
Fertility:# of babies born during a specific period in a society
Birth rates: vary within a country.In the U.S., birth rates are higher for
younger women, recent immigra nts, and those with low income and
education levels.Crude birth rate—# of live births per 1,000 :population in
a given year
Mortality: # of deaths during specified period in a populationCrude death
rate—# of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Infant
mortality rate—# of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000
live births
Migration::Movement of people into or out of a specific geographic
areaPush factors encourage or force people to leave a residence. Ex: war,
religious persecution, or unemployment.
Pull factors attract people to a new location. Ex: employment
opportunities, religious freedom, and lower crime rates.
International migration—the movement across a national border
Emigrants move out of a country.Immigrants move into a country.
Sex ratio:the proportion of males to females in a group.100—equal numbers
of males and females.95—fewer males than females.105—fewer females
than males
Population Pyramid:A visual representation of the age and sex structure of
a population.Allow demographers to predict future needs of a population.
Ex. an aging population will need more long-term health care
Malthusian Theory:Agree that the world population is exploding beyond
food supplies. Earth has become a dying planet with increasing population
and pollution.
Demographic TransitionTheory:Maintains that population growth is kept
in check and stabilizes as countries experience economic
development.Population growth changes as societies undergo
industrialization, modernization, technological advancements, and
urbanization
Zero Population GrowthMany nations are experiencing zero population
growth. Each woman has no more than two children resulting in a stable
population
UrbanizationThe movement of people from rural areas to cities. The
Industrial Revolution created a surge in urbanization
Megacities, metropolitan areas with at least 10 million inhabitants, are
becoming more common.
Suburbanization—movement from cities to the areas surrounding them.
Today more than 60% of Americans reside in suburbs.
Edge cities—business centers that are within or close to suburban residential
areas.Exurbs—areas of new development beyond suburbs on the fringe of
urbanized areas
Urban Sprawl:the rapid, unplanned and uncontrolled spread of urban
development into neighboring regions.
Job sprawlwhen companies move their businesses from central cities into
suburbs.
Loss of farmland, wildlife habitats, forests, and open recreational
areas.Increased cost of purchasing and maintaining automobiles.Air and
water pollution
GentrificationProcess of buying and renovating houses and stores by
middle-class and affluent people in downtown urban neighborhoods.
Gentrification revitalizes urban areas and augments taxes but results in
displacement of low-income people and small business.
DevianceBehavior that violates expected rules or norms.
Usually has a negative connotation in everyday society
Stigma
CrimeViolation of societal norms and rules written into public laws that is
subject to punishment.
Social Controltechniques and strategies that regulate behavior.Informal or
formal.Includes positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) sanctions.
Sanctions
AnomieThe condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because
of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms
Strain theoryCulturally approved goals (become wealthy) and
institutionalized means (work hard and invest wisely). - people engage in
deviance when there is a strain or conflict between goals and means.
White collar crimeillegal activities committed by high-status people in the
course of their occupation
Occupational crimeillegal activities committed by individuals in the course
of their work for own interestUsing a company credit card to make personal
purchases
Corporate crimesillegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves
and their companiesPrice-fixing; failure to act on safety hazards
Cybercrimeillegal activities conducted online Stealing credit card numbers
Organized crimeactivities of individuals and groups that supply illegal
goods and services for profitLaundering money
Differential AssociationSuggests that people learn deviance through
interaction.People are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to
deviant values early in life, frequently, over a long period of time, and from
important people.
Labeling Theory Deviance depends on how others react.
Primary deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law.
Secondary deviance occurs when individuals have been labeled deviant.
Criminal Justice SystemGovernment agencies that are charged with
enforcing laws, passing judgment, and correcting behavior.Police, courts,
and prisons.Relies on prevention and intervention, punishment, and
rehabilitation.
Crime Control Model
RehabilitationView that appropriate treatment can change offenders into
productive, law-abiding citizens.Rehabilitation programs are particularly
successful when they provide employment after release.
Social StratificationRanking of people who have different access to valued
resourcesResources include property, power, and status.Stratification
systems can be relatively closed or open.
Open and Closed Stratification SystemsMovement within social positions
limited due to ascribed statuses.sex, skin color, family background.Slavery
and castes are closed systems.Social classes are relatively fluid.Based on
achieved statuses.A social class is a category of people who have a similar
rank based on wealth, education, power, or prestige.
Social Classan overall ranking of people’s positions based on income,
education, and occupationClasses differ in values, power, prestige, social
networks, and lifestyle.Four general social classes in U.S.: upper, middle,
working, lower
Wealth Prestigemoney and economic assetsIncludes property (what people
own) and income (money that comes in regularly)Wealth is cumulative,
passed on to the next generation, and produces income.
PowerThe ability of individuals to achieve goals, control events, and
maintain influence over others.Power is based on tradition, personal
charisma, and social class.
Absolute povertynot having enough money to afford the most basic
necessitiesRelative poverty—not having enough money to maintain an
average standard of living
Poverty Linethe minimal level of income that the federal government
considers necessary for basic subsistenceUsed to determine eligibility for
government assistance “Severely poor” earn less than half of the poverty
threshold.
Social MobilityMovement in the stratification hierarchyHorizontal
mobility—moving from one position to another at the same level
Vertical mobility—moving up or down the stratification ladder
Intragenerational mobility—the extent to which an individual experiences
upward or downward mobilityIntergenerational mobility—the degree to
which one is better or worse off than one’s parents
DavisEvery society must fill a variety of positions and ensure that
important tasks get done.Some positions are more important than
others.The most qualified people fill the most important positions.Society
offers greater rewards to motivate the most qualified.
Meritocracybelief that ind. Are rewarded for what they do and how well
rather than on basis of their ascribed status
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariatthose wo own the means of production and can
amass wealth and power/workers who sell their labor for wages.
Corporate Welfarean array of direct subsides, tax breaks, and assistance
that the government has created for business.
Sex the biological characteristics with which we were born.Chromosomes,
anatomy, hormones
Genderlearned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or
the other.Based on social and cultural expectations
Gender Identitya perception of self as either male or female
Gender Rolescharacteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society
expects of females and males
Gender Stereotypesexpectations about how people will look, act, think, and
feel based on their sex
Sexisman attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually
women, based on assumed superiority of the other sex
Gender Stratificationpeople’s unequal access to wealth, power, status,
prestige, and other valued resources
Pay Gaprefers to the income difference between males and females.Pay
gap increases as the level of educational attainment increases.
Sexual Harrassment
Sexual Identity
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Script
Heterosexism and Homophobia
Abortion
Pornography
Document Summary
Study guide: exam 2, chapters 7-10,16 monday march 26th. Demography: scientific study of human populationsexamines size, composition, distribution, and the changes and causes of the three. Population:a group of people who share a geographic territory-vary in size from a small town to the planet. Fertility:# of babies born during a specific period in a society. Birth rates: vary within a country. in the u. s. , birth rates are higher for younger women, recent immigra nts, and those with low income and education levels. crude birth rate # of live births per 1,000 :population in a given year. Mortality: # of deaths during specified period in a populationcrude death rate # of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Infant mortality rate # of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births. Migration::movement of people into or out of a specific geographic areapush factors encourage or force people to leave a residence.
