SOCL 2001 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Integral Membrane Protein, Alpha Helix, Cell Membrane
Document Summary
Extracellular signal is amplified within the cell via a signaling cascade. Paracrine: diffusion of first messengers over short distance between cells. Synaptic: chemical signals from a nerve axon diffuse across a synapse to another nerve cell or a muscle cell. Hormonal signaling: endocrine (ductless) glands produce chemicals (hormones, hormones move through the circulatory system to their targets. The extracellular first messenger is transduced (transformed) into an intracellular chemical messenger: second messenger. Elicits a metabolic change within the cell. May involve a receptor in the plasma membrane: an integral membrane protein. May involve an intracellular receptor: e. x. steroid. More than 1,000 different receptors in mammals. Link an extracellular signal and an intracellular response. G protein on the intracellular face of the plasma membrane. Effector element such as an enzyme or ion channel. Over 1000 g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) Integral membrane protein with 7 alpha helical regions spanning the membrane (heptahelical) Interact with receptor occupied by a signaling molecule.
