KIN 345 Study Guide
Exam 1 (Individual level influences on physical activity)
• Intro to SEM/Intro to individual level
o London bus drivers study results- Study comparing coronary heart
disease (CHD) in middle aged men, Conductors (physically active
jobs) have lower risk of CHD than drivers
o Reasons for population-level changes in physical activity/obesity
▪ Less energy expenditure at work and home
▪ Technology improvement
▪ fast food, serving sizes
o 4 Core assumptions of ecological models
▪ Behavior is influenced by multiple factors
▪ Influences interact across different levels
▪ Ecological models are behavior specific
▪ Effective behavior change requires multi-level interventions
o Key features of K-State social ecological framework
▪ Multiple factors at different levels influence physical activity
behaviors
▪ Individual interventions will not work well when
environments are not supportive
▪ Community interventions will not work well when individuals
are not targeted
▪ Attention to how social groups are afforded different access to
physical activity resources must be addressed in order to
promote physical activity for all
o Influences at each level of social ecological model
▪ Individual- self-perceptions, motivation
▪ Interpersonal- family, peers
▪ Setting- Schools, worksites
▪ Community- Access to facilities, safety, legislation/policies
▪ Sociocultural- age, gender, race, socio economic status
o Advantages/disadvantages of behavior change programs targeting
individuals
• Stages of change
o What are the stages of change?
▪ Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance
o What characteristics define individuals in each stage?
▪ Pre-contemplation- Do not do physical activity and do not
intend to start in the next 6 months
▪ Contemplation- Do not do physical activity but do intend to
start in the next 6 months
▪ Preparation- Participate in some physical activity but not at
the levels of the American College of Sports
Medicine/American Heart Association (30min of moderate
intensity physical activity on 5 or more days a week, or 20
minutes of continuous vigorous exercise at least 3 days per
week
▪ Action- Have done recommended amounts of physical activity
but have done so less than 6 months
▪ Maintenance- Have done recommended amounts of physical
activity for 6 months or longer
o Examples of stage-matched strategies
▪ Long term health benefits
▪ Giving options of how to incorporate PA in daily lives
▪ Looking into exercise programs
▪ Set goals and reflect
▪ Change routine
• Motivation
o Decisional balance Pros/Cons & A PRINCIPLE
▪ Immediate Consequences- negative usually out weigh the
positive
▪ Delayed consequences- positive long term out weigh the
negative
▪ Hedonic principle: A person will choose to maximize a
positive outcome over a negative one
o Definition/example of an outcome expectation
▪ Definition of outcome expectation- an expectation that a
specific outcome will follow a given behavior
▪ “Exercise will help me lose weight.” (instrumental)
▪ “Exercise will help me manage stress.” (affective)
o Relationship between outcome expectations and physical activity
(including false hope syndrome)
▪ Generally perceived benefits will positively influence someone
to be more PA
▪ False hope syndrome- having positive expectations, but
having a negative effect on behavior because maybe you are
not seeing results of weight loss, unrealistic expectations
o Affective vs. instrumental outcome expectations
▪ Affective (immediate)- involves feeling states derived from
exercise experiences (enjoyment, stress relief, satisfaction)
▪ Instrumental (Long-term) – not feeling states like improve
appearance, reduce heart disease
o Results/implications from Segar et al. “Rebranding exercise”
study
▪ Superordinate goals related to health are associated with less
exercise than those trying to improve daily quality of life
o Autonomous vs. controlled motivation
▪ Autonomous is a fundamental human need to do something
by themselves (determined to do something alone) while
controlled motivation is feeling pressured or demanded from
external forces to behave a certain way
o Autonomous- considered for long-term maintenance
▪ Increase by
• providing meaningful rationale (help them this is why
you should value) for the behavior
• acknowledge individual’s feelings and perspective
• emphasize choice and minimize control
o Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
▪ Intrinsic motivation- behavior is performed for satisfaction
and enjoyment it provides
• NO external incentives
• Nurtured by providing choice