BI SC 004 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Spindle Apparatus, Sister Chromatids, Nuclear Membrane

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greysardine577

16 Aug 2016

School

PSU

Department

Biological Science

Course

BI SC 004

Professor

Dr.Maria Krasilnikova

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Document Summary

Benign = non-cancerous, doesn"t spread to other tissue, stays at the site where it forms. Malignant = cancerous, can break off and invade other parts of the body. More than one mutation is necessary for it to become malignant. The movement of cancerous cells from one part of the body to another through the bloodstream. Period of growth and preparation of cell division. They check to make sure cells are dividing properly and dna isn"t damaged. If a cell ignores checkpoints, it has a mutation and will become a tumor/cancer. Brings nutrients to the tumor cells and carries away waste to allow tumor growth. Vessels allow tumor cells to travel away from the tumor. Contact inhibition = stop of cell division when two or more cells come into contact with each other. No, cancer cells are not affected by contact inhibition and just pile up on each other. Need more than one mutation for a malignant tumor.

Related Questions

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

Question 10

A microscope image of a cell in interphase is treated with dyes to stain the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). This image probably displays ______.

		visible nucleoli
		separate visible chromosomes
		visible spindle fibers

1 points

Question 11

To observe plant cells undergoing mitosis, the best plant tissue to isolate would be ______.

		a section of the root tip
		a section of the mature fruit
		a section of the main stem

1 points

Question 12

Owen observes a slide containing whitefish blastula sections. He finds a cell with visible spindle lines extending from two points on opposite sides of the cell and chromosomes as small black Xs halfway between the two poles. What stage of the cell cycle is Owen observing?

		anaphase
		metaphase
		prometaphase

1 points

Question 13

What structural feature can you use to distinguish between DNA-stained onion cells in anaphase and telophase?

		Sister chromatids separate as anaphase ends and telophase begins.
		The vesicles forming a cell plate appear around the onset of telophase.
		The chromosomes are clustered at visible spindle poles during anaphase.

1 points

Question 14

A carcinogen is any substance or environmental condition that ______.

		increases the frequency of mutation
		causes direct damage to DNA
		inhibits mitosis in cancer cells

1 points

Question 15

Angelina observes a slide containing whitefish blastula sections. She finds a cell with visible spindle lines extending from two points on opposite sides of the cell and chromosomes as small black Xs halfway between the two poles. What intracellular structure forms each of the two points on opposite sides of this cell?

		a metaphase plate
		a cell plate
		a pair of centrioles

1 points

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the relationship between interphase and the cell cycle?

		Interphase is a gap between rounds of cell division.
		Interphase comprises a large majority of the cell cycle in almost all cells.
		Interphase comprises a large majority of the cell cycle in slowly and non-dividing cells.

Question 17

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are cancer treatments that primarily attack cancer cells through ______.

		activating apoptosis in any rapidly dividing cells to kill off tumor cells
		destroying the blood vessels in cancerous tumors to block the flow of nutrients
		damaging DNA to the extent that cells die if they cannot repair the damage

yellowcat500

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

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BI SC 004 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Spindle Apparatus, Sister Chromatids, Nuclear Membrane

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