PSY 274 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Extreme Aggression, Psy, Groupthink
1 May 2018
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PSY 274
Exam #4 Study Guide
Aggression Lecture
●Aggression: Behavior intended to harm one who’s motivated to avoid harm
○Thinking about aggression is NOT aggression
●Violence: Extreme aggression intended to inflict harm (Greater in men)
●Types:
○Instrumental: Aggression used to achieve goals (Greater in women)
■Generally thoughtful and planned ahead
■Not motivated by hostility itself, instead there are other movies present (Like gaining
status or popularity)
○Hostile: Aggression motivated by anger
■Generally thoughtless or impulsive
■Kindled by hostility
■Intended specifically to harm/hurt others
○Direct: Target is there
○Indirect: Target is not present
■Hostile X Direct = punch someone
■Hostile X Indirect = slash tires
■Instrumental X Direct = throwing a punch in UFC match
■Instrumental X Indirect = Mess with controller so they lose Mario Kart
●Differences in Gender:
○Anger // women = men
○Physical aggression // women < men
○Indirect aggression // women > men
●Brain
○Testosterone (Related to dominance, competitiveness, and toughness)
■Can lead to aggression
■But aggression can also increase testosterone
○Serotonin (Impaired impulse control, aggression, lack of social competence)
●Hostile Attribution Bias: Interpreting ambiguous behavior as deliberate aggression
○EX. Someone bumps into you in a bar and you assume they want to pick a fight
●Frustration-aggression hypothesis: All aggression has roots in frustration
●Cognitive Neoassociation Theory: Aversive feelings after negative event lead to array of negative
outcomes
○Anger
○Memory activation
○Physiological response
●General Assessment Model (GAM): Explains whether aggression may happen
○Considers 3 factors:
■Inputs (Person X Situation)
■Routes (Affective and cognitive routes affected by input)
■Outcomes (The actions)
Culture Lecture
●Culture: Psychological attributes of a social group
○Customs/ Traditions
○Ideas
○Beliefs
○Values
○Habitsa
○Language
○Thinking Styles
●Universal VS. Specific Characteristics
○Etics (Universal)
■All cultures have this
■EX. Ways to raise kids
○Emics (Specific for each culture)
■EX. Particular ways to raise kids
●Enculturation: Being born into a culture
●Acculturation: Adapting to a culture
●Characteristics
○“Tough”
■Few goals are seen as valuable
■Only a few ways to attain a goal
○“Easy”
■Many possible goals
■Some goals are simple to get
■People can pursue multiple goals simultaneously
○Achievement
■Goals to produce rapid industrial growth
○Affiliation
■Goals to get along
○Complexity
■Industrial VS. Hunter-gatherer
○ Tightness
■Little deviation from “proper” behavior
○Looseness
■Large deviations from norms
○Individualism
■Culture stressing personal responsibility
■Emphasis on individual
■Less time with more people
■Self-focused emotions
●EX. More autobiographies present
Document Summary
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