ESPM 1011 Final: Chapter 12 Study Guide Exam II.docx

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sapphireraccoon496

30 Oct 2014

School

UMN

Department

Environment Sci, Policy, Mgmt

Course

ESPM 1011

Professor

All

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Document Summary

Water resources i (book chapter 12: understand how the amount of fresh water on earth relates to the total amount of water. Where is that fresh water located (i. e. lakes, ground water, etc. Fresh water is unequally distributed across the globe. Due to climate and other geographic factors, different regions of the world possess vastly different amounts of fresh groundwater, surface water, and precipitation. Areas in the tropics that receive lots of rain are rich in freshwater, such as south america west africa and the pacific islands. Canada and russia, also are rich in freshwater due to water locked away in ice. The great lakes are a huge freshwater resource. Aquifers are porous, songelike formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water underground. The united states use of water: 46% industry, 42% agriculture, 13% domestic. India"s use of water: 87% agriculture, 6% industry, 8% domestic. Lithuania 78% domestic, 16% industry, 7% agriculture.

Related Questions

Question1.1. The cumulative amount ofresources an organism uses to survive is known as its ________.(Points : 1)

carbon footprint
ecologicalfootprint
biologicalfootprint
consumptionfootprint

Question2.2. The Conservation ReserveProgram pays farmers to ________. (Points : 1)

grow crops such as cornand beans
plant trees or grassesinstead of cultivating highly erodible cropland
install living plants aswindbreaks
allow animal populationsto naturally disperse over their property

Question3.3. The United States agencycharged with slowing soil degradation is the ________. (Points :1)

Soil AggregationService
Agricultural StandardsAgency
Conservation IntegrationService
Natural ResourceConservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service)

Question4.4. In 1999, the richestone-fifth of the world's people possessed ________ times the incomeof the poorest one-fifth. (Points : 1)

5
12
32
82

Question5.5. Since the 1960s, themost-used fuel in the world is ________. (Points : 1)

coal
natural gas
oil
nuclear power

Question6.6. The majority of theworld's population survives on the equivalent of ________ U.S. perday. (Points : 1)

about $5
less than $2
about $1
exactly $0.50

Question7.7. Which of the following isa major pollutant of groundwater? (Points : 1)

Carbon
Igneous rock
Cover crops
Petroleum

Question8.8. The largest use of freshwater is for ________. (Points : 1)

drinking
washing and bathing
irrigation andagriculture
industry andmanufacturing

Question9.9. Data indicate thatpresent freshwater consumption in much of the world is ________.(Points : 1)

sustainable
unsustainable
not depleting groundwatersupply but is decreasing surface water storage
not effecting freshwatersupply in coastal areas but is causing shortages in inlandregions

Question10.10. Water that runs downsinks, showers, and bathtub drains, and that can be used withlittle or no treatment for irrigation and some industry is called________. (Points : 1)

loose water
runoff
gray water
fresh water

Question11.11. The age structure of apopulation ________. (Points : 1)

is based on the adjustedlifespan of a species
can be used to predictfuture dynamics of a population
is calculated based onthe number of individuals who survive puberty
is derived frompopulation growth rate

Question12.12. What percentage of thetotal water on Earth is fresh water? (Points : 1)

15%
10%
5%
2.5%

Question13.13. A coal mining processthat removes huge amounts of soil and rock in order to directlyaccess coal reserves is known as ________. (Points : 1)

strip mining
subsurface mining
surface mining
dynamite mining

Question14.14. The energy harnessed ina nuclear reactor is released from splitting ________. (Points :1)

molecules
atoms
protons
electrons

Question15.15. The main waste productfrom a nuclear power plant is ________. (Points : 1)

barrels of radioactiveliquid
uranium fuel rods
acid rain
invisible radioactivevapor

Question16.16. ________ can contributeto air pollution and the contamination of both surface water andgroundwater. (Points : 1)

Hydroponics
Greenhouse farmingoperations
Aquaculture
Concentrated animalfeeding operations

Question17.17. It is moreenergetically efficient to eat ________ than other food sources.(Points : 1)

primary producers
herbivores
carnivores
tertiary consumers

Question18.18. Life expectancies indeveloping countries, such as those in southern Africa, ________.(Points : 1)

are on the rise
are beginning tostabilize due to population control
have fallen dramaticallycompared to life expectancies of the 1950s
are equivalent to lifeexpectancies in developed countries, such as the United States andCanada

Question19.19. The loss of more than10% productivity in arid areas to erosion, soil compaction, forestremoval, and an array of other factors is called ________. (Points: 1)

weathering
leaching
desertification
salinization

Question20.20. All of the followingare examples of renewable energy sources except ________. (Points :1)

solar power
biodiesel
natural gas
wind power

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123) Thegreenhouse effect is a natural and important phenomenonbecause

A) itremoves smog from affected areas.

B) itmaintains the surface temperature on Earth.

C) itreverses the effect that CFCs have on the ozone layer.

D) itdecreases the amount of carbon dioxide in thestratosphere.

E) itreverses the effects of deforestation.

124) Deepunderground reservoirs of water are called

A)gorges.

B) eutrophiczones.

C)non-phototrophic zones.

D)aquifers.

E) seismicbuffers.

125)Eutrophication of a lake most likely is the result of

A) adecrease in oxygen content of the water.

B) elevatednitrogen and oxygen gas levels in the water.

C) anincrease in atmospheric pressure associated with surfacewaters.

D)competitive exclusion.

E) excessiveconcentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients.

126)Stopping global warming will require commitment by all nations andwill not be easy. One of the most promising strategies involvingstoring or burying CO2 undergone or deep in theoceans, a process termed

A)denutrification.

B)sedimentary cycle.

C) carbonsequestration.

D)compliment fixation.

E) carbondioxide scrubbing.

127) Powerplants are undergoing a process known as "scrubbing" that isexpected to improve conditions associated with

A) acidrain.

B)smog.

C)deforestation.

D) thegreenhouse effect.

E) ozonedepletion.

128) Whichof the following is true regarding the water on Earth?

A) whenhumans divert water from one region to another, they always ensurethat it does not have an effect on normal migration patterns ofother species.

B) most ofthe water on Earth is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

C) residentsof the less industrialized countries typically use more water thanresidents in industrialized countries.

D) somesemiarid and desert regions of the world have reached carryingcapacity for humans due to the shortage of water.

E) water isconsidered a renewable resource because it is plentiful in allregions of Earth.

129)Toxicants occurring in aquatic ecosystems are highly subjected tobiomagnification, meaning

A) thepollutants take a long time to breakdown.

B) thepollutants occur in higher concentrations in tissues of organismshigher up in the food chain.

C) the toxicchemicals specifically target primary producers, disrupting theentire food web.

D) thechemicals are converted to more toxic compounds once in thewater.

E) the toxicchemicals accumulate in the upper (photic) zones of thewater.

130) Chinais depleting its underground water supply at an alarming rate inthe North China Plain because

A) decadesof severe drought have plagued the region.

B) water wasdiverted from the region to the Olympic village during the BeijingOlympics.

C) waterfrom melting glaciers has failed to replenish aquifers.

D) manywells were drilled to increase agricultural productivity, yetrefilling of the aquifers has been slow.

E) oildrilling has contaminated the water supply to many villages in theregion.

131)According to public health officials, which of the following may becaused by water pollutants?

A) birthdefects

B) nervousdisorders

C)miscarriages

D) skinrashes

E) all ofthe above are correct

132) Whichof the following pollutants is generally stored in dry locationsbecause they remain a potential problem for thousands ofyears?

A)radioactive waste

B) PANs(peroxyacyl nitrates)

C)CFCs

D) heavymetals

E) gasolineand oil

133)Freshwater is most likely to be polluted

A) by oilspills in ocean water moving inland.

B) as aresult of eutrophication.

C) primarilyby contaminants from aquifers moving to surface waters.

D) fromrunoff associated with urban areas chemicals used in farming inrural areas.

E) byradioactive waste seeping from nuclear reactors.

134) Arenewable energy source that taps into heat produced deep belowground is called

A)hydroelectric.

B)geothermal.

C)solar.

D)'subterranean' wind.

E) a fossilfuel.

amberprairie-dog239

An important question to consider when thinking about globalwarming is, "If the ice sheets near the poles melt, how much willthe sea level rise?" This seems like a difficult question, giventhe odd shapes of both the ice sheets and the oceans. But there aresome accurate approximations that allow the answer to be estimatedfairly accurately with reasonably simple calculations.

The critical idea is that both the thickness of the ice sheets andthe amounts of the sea-level rise are extremely small compared tothe radius of the earth. The radius of the earth is about 2/p x 107m -- more than 6000 kilometers. The ice sheet thicknesses we willbe concerned with are single digit miles and the sea level riseswill be in dozens of feet. As a result, in thinking about them, wecan essentially ignore the curvature of the earth. We can imaginepeeling the map of the earth off a globe and flattening it out (bymaking cuts, not by stretching it, so that we preserve the area).Then, both the ice and the sea level rise can be treated as right(not tilted) cylinders (though with funny shaped bases and tops).Since we know that the volume of a right cylinder is the area ofthe base times the height, we can easily estimate all the volumeswe need. A schematic picture of this approximation (with the heightof the ice mass greatly exaggerated -- you couldn't see it if Ididn't) is shown below. The error in these approximations is on theorder of the height of the cylinder considered divided by theradius of the earth; a very small number.
a. Assume that (after flattening the surface of the earth in ourimaginations) the ice sheet to be considered covers an area, A, andhas a thickness, d. The oceans currently cover about 75% of theearth's surface, and note that the surface area of a sphere is 4pr2where r is the radius of the sphere.

Generate an equation that will allow you to calculate h, the heightthe ocean levels will rise due to the melting of a an ice sheet interms of A, d, and r

b. As shown in the combined satellite photo on the right (fromGoogle Earth), Greenland is covered by a sheet of ice. This ice hasbeen measured to have a mean thickness of about 2 km. Recentobservations indicate that this ice sheet is beginning to retreat-- that it is melting at an accelerating rate.

Using the depth of the ice sheet and the scale given on thepicture, estimate how much sea level rise would be produced by themelting of the entire ice sheet lying on Greenland. (Note: You caneasily look this information up on the web. But the goal of thisproblem is in part to develop your estimation skills for thepurpose of building your ability to decide for yourself whether anygiven piece of information you find on the web is reasonable orbogus.)

ESPM 1011 Final: Chapter 12 Study Guide Exam II.docx

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