BIO 315H- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 18 pages long!)
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Question 11 pts
What is a mutation?
A dangerous alteration in the genes of a living organism. |
Any change in the base sequence of an organism's DNA. |
Any genetic alteration in an organisms physical appearance. |
A broken piece of a DNA molecule. |
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Question 21 pts
How many "genetic words" are there in the genetic code formed by combining three DNA bases together?
64 |
32 |
128 |
26 |
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Question 31 pts
What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
A double helix. |
a circle. |
a hexagon. |
a concave surface. |
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Question 41 pts
Which of the following is not one of the DNA bases used by living organisms on Earth?
Adenine. |
Galline. |
Thymine. |
Cytosine. |
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Question 51 pts
What is the genome of an organism?
The longest of its DNA molecules. |
The complete sequence of DNA bases in all its DNA. |
The noncoding parts of the DNA. |
All the genes in an organism's DNA. |
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Question 61 pts
The process by which DNA is copied to be passed on to the next generation of an organism is called:
DNA replication. |
DNA unzipping. |
Cell division. |
Genetic mutation. |
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Question 71 pts
If every cell in your body has exactly the same DNA, why are brain cells different from muscle cells?
Because they are located in different parts of your body. |
Because different types of cells use different pieces of the same DNA. |
Because the noncoding DNA behaves differently in different cell types. |
Because while all cells in your body may have the same DNA, they have different genomes. |
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Question 81 pts
Which kind of extreme environment are psychrophiles able to survive?
Extremely low pressure. |
Extreme heat. |
Extreme cold. |
Extreme acidity. |
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Question 91 pts
What are thermophiles ?
Organisms that live in extremely cold conditions. |
Organisms that live in extremely hot conditions. |
Organisms that live in extremely acidic conditions. |
Organisms that can live in highly radioactive environments. |
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Question 101 pts
What characteristic is the bacterial species Deinococcus Radiodurans known for?
For being discovered on radio antennas. |
For being able to survive high doses of radiation. |
For being able to live inside rocks. |
For being the first life discovered on Mars. |
1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:
a. | by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant. |
b. | by many genes with an additive effect. |
c. | by epistatic interactions between two genes. |
d. | mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component. |
2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.
a. | Her mother must be red-green colorblind. |
b. | All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind. |
c. | Her father must be red-green colorblind. |
d. | All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind. |
3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:
a. | structure of DNA is a double helix. |
b. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
c. | four bases within DNA pair in a specific way. |
d. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases. |
4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.
a. | one nucleotide specifies |
b. | two nucleotides specify |
c. | three nucleotides specify |
d. | four nucleotides specify |
5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:
a. | independent assortment. |
b. | nondisjunction. |
c. | segregation. |
d. | crossing over. |
6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:
a. | 0.16 (16%) |
b. | 0.24 (24%) |
c. | 0.36 (36%) |
d. | 0.48 (48%) |
7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:
a. | phenotype. |
b. | gene. |
c. | population. |
d. | nucleotide. |
8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?
a. | This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes. |
b. | This plant would produce only RrYy gametes. |
c. | This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes. |
d. | You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents. |
9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:
a. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides. |
b. | four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism. |
c. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides. |
d. | genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA. |
10. During DNA replication:
a. | each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. |
b. | the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized. |
c. | the bases A,C,G and T are required. |
d. | All of the above are true of DNA replication. |
11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
a. | DNA. |
b. | mRNA. |
c. | tRNA. |
d. | rRNA. |
12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.
a. | RR and rr. |
b. | RR and Rr |
c. | Rr and rr |
d. | Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype. |