PSYCH 202 Study Guide - Final Guide: Gestalt Psychology, Angular Gyrus, Visual Field
24 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Excitatory neurotransmitter: glutamate
What's the main inhibitory transmitter? GABA
Why is machinery of the brain important?
Controls processes
•
Brain Structure:
Brain stem - connects brain to spinal cord
Pons
○
Medulla - vital involuntary functions; breathing, heart rate, heart pressure
○
Reticular formation - arousal and attention, lots of serotonin
○
•
Cerebellum - balance, movement, fine motor movement
Driving a car, playing a sport (using a bat or ball), left kick in a right footed
soccer player, riding a bike
○
•
Limbic System - above brainstem, inside core of the brain KNOW THE
FUNCITON
Psychological functioning
Motivation
§
Emotion
§
Memory
§
○
Thalamus - relay station for sensory information, sense of smell
○
Amygdala - aggression and fear-anxiety center, involved fight or flight
response (sympathetic)
○
Hippocampus - memory formation
○
Hypothalamus - releases hormones, pleasure center, connects endocrine
system and central nervous system using the (regulator)
Basal Ganglia
In hypothalamus and it's the substantia nigra (substantia
nigra is in the basal ganglia)
If you get a squirt of dopamine in it, you get happy and
motivated and that's how addiction occurs
®
Through the substantia nigra, dopamine is process and
pleasure sensors go off and it goes to the HPA-Axis
®
Dopamine in Nucleus Acumbance makes animals and
humans happy (reward)
Eating disorders also part of the nucleus
acumbance
◊
®
□
§
○
•
Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex:
Frontal:
Thinking, anxiety, reasoning
○
•
Temporal:
Musical and auditory processes (located on the sides)
○
•
Parietal:
On top of temporal
○
Associated with recognition
○
•
Occipital
Back of head
○
Vision originates
○
•
Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Specialization Areas:
Motor Cortex:
Back of frontal lobe
○
Voluntary muscle movement
○
•
Somatosensory Cortex:
In charge of bodily responses
○
Sensations
○
•
Broca's Area
Language production and speaking
○
You speaking the language
○
Frontal Lobe
○
•
Wernicke's Area:
Understanding the language
○
Temporal Lobe
○
•
Auditory Musical Cortex
Temporal lobe
○
Responsible for music
○
•
Visual Cortex:
Vision
○
Occipital lobe
○
•
When you read something…
Visual Cortex receives word as a written stimuli1.
Angular Gyrus; pattern of visual transformation2.
Wernicke's Area; understand what the word really means3.
Broca's Area; controls the speak process4.
Motor Cortex; speaks 5.
Joe's Split Brain:
Had lots of seizures so they had to cut his corpus hemispheres •
Had to draw two shapes at the same time with two hands •
Words flashed to left brain (right computer) but he thought he didn't see
anything
But when asked to draw it, he saw it
○
•
Words on right brain (left computer), he could read just fine and do everything
fine
•
Words and faces
Food portraits of people were shown to him
○
Right computer --> left hemisphere --> pointed to fruit
○
Left computer --> right hemisphere --> face
○
•
Flashed two words at him, bell and music, bell was on left (right hemisphere)
and music was on right (left hemisphere)
Asked him to pick an image that corresponded to the word he saw, so he
picked bell, but made a random story to explain why he chose a certain
picture
○
Toad was on left side and stool was on the right side visually.
He knew the stool, but had to draw a toad on the stool to read
toadstool
Saw them separately □
§
○
•
Why can he still function normally?
Visual field
○
Plasticity
Brain realizes that it has to take control cause there's nothing there
anymore
§
New neurons
§
Brain grows and matures and compensates
§
○
•
Tiffany Field's Study on Babies
Looked at 20 babies who were premature •
Massaged babies for 45 minutes for ten days and the other babies (control)
received normal treatment
•
IV: presence of absence of massages•
DV: gained 47% more weight, more active, high motor and cognitive function
(tested by activeness and alertness)
•
Checked again 8 months later and the results were still consistent •
Sensation and Perception
Sensation: outside, takes info in•
Perception: organizing the sensation and processing it, internal •
Steps of Sensations
Modification via accessory structures (ex. Eyes, lens invert light) 1.
Transduction via sensory acceptors (ex. Rods (darkness; closer to periphery, aka
the edges) and cones (control color), converting energy to neural activity aka
brain code; occurs in sensory receptors- they send out action potentials and
respond to changes in stimulus and easily respond to changes in intensity)
2.
Encoding (ex. Translating the info from transduction into action potentials) 3.
Representation in cortex (ex. Thalamus is the sensory relay station)4.
Ganglia cells make up optic nerve.
Path of light to the eye:
Modification structure: cornea bends the light, iris narrows the light, pupil lens
filter light and adjust its intensity and takes information in as distil stimulus
1.
Transduction (starts with rods to more and more cones until you get to phobia
and within the phobia, you go through the bipolar cells which turn to ganglia
cells (which is the optic nerve) and encodes to the brain, specifically the
thalamus (relay station) which takes it to the visual cortex
2.
Feature Detectors:
Specialized neurons that only fire when •
Drilled a hole in cat's head to measure the electrical stimuli from the wires (put
electrodes in cat's heads)
Cat couldn't move head
○
Horizontal and vertical lines
○
Point of experiment: specific cells react to specific stimuli
○
IV: which way the light was put (horizontally or vertically)
○
DV: crackling of action potential
○
Up and down = no action potential
○
Left to right = lots of action potential
○
•
Conclusion: specific cells that reaction only to specific stimuli
Simple cells responded to the angle of lights
○
•
Steps of Perception
Construction
Context a.
Different attitudes and preferences b.
What we perceive is affected by who we are c.
1.
D2.
D3.
Gestalt Principles:
Figure and Ground: what you see as central object and what you see as
background
Example: a picture of two faces but also a vase a.
1.
Context Effect: your choices based on the context
Example: ABC, 12, 13, 14
Young and old women (Those who can't see both of them is called
functional fixation)
i.
a.
2.
Proximity: grouping things based on proximity
Example: grouping circles in groups of four because they're close to each
other
a.
3.
Similarity:
Example: a row of red dots and a row of orange dots; you group by row
based on color
a.
4.
Closure:
Example: your mind automatically closes a circle or square with a gap a.
5.
Continuity:
Example: a wave line and a straight line; you assume the straight line is
continuous even though the wavy line blocks out a piece of the straight
line
a.
6.
Illusory Contour:
Example: not a square, but the black circles made makes your brain think
that there is a square
a.
7.
Animal and human demos:
Showed a sequence of animal pictures and one of the pictures was a rat•
Showed a sequence of human pictures and one of the pictures was the rat but
people identified it as an old man
•
4/5/18
Thursday, April 5, 2018
4:34 PM
Excitatory neurotransmitter: glutamate
What's the main inhibitory transmitter? GABA
Why is machinery of the brain important?
Controls processes •
Brain Structure:
Brain stem - connects brain to spinal cord
Pons
○
Medulla - vital involuntary functions; breathing, heart rate, heart pressure
○
Reticular formation - arousal and attention, lots of serotonin
○
•
Cerebellum - balance, movement, fine motor movement
Driving a car, playing a sport (using a bat or ball), left kick in a right footed
soccer player, riding a bike
○
•
Limbic System - above brainstem, inside core of the brain KNOW THE
FUNCITON
Psychological functioning
Motivation
§
Emotion
§
Memory
§
○
Thalamus - relay station for sensory information, sense of smell
○
Amygdala - aggression and fear-anxiety center, involved fight or flight
response (sympathetic)
○
Hippocampus - memory formation
○
Hypothalamus - releases hormones, pleasure center, connects endocrine
system and central nervous system using the (regulator)
Basal Ganglia
In hypothalamus and it's the substantia nigra (substantia
nigra is in the basal ganglia)
If you get a squirt of dopamine in it, you get happy and
motivated and that's how addiction occurs
®
Through the substantia nigra, dopamine is process and
pleasure sensors go off and it goes to the HPA-Axis
®
Dopamine in Nucleus Acumbance makes animals and
humans happy (reward)
Eating disorders also part of the nucleus
acumbance
◊
®
□
§
○
•
Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex:
Frontal:
Thinking, anxiety, reasoning
○
•
Temporal:
Musical and auditory processes (located on the sides)
○
•
Parietal:
On top of temporal
○
Associated with recognition
○
•
Occipital
Back of head
○
Vision originates
○
•
Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Specialization Areas:
Motor Cortex:
Back of frontal lobe
○
Voluntary muscle movement
○
•
Somatosensory Cortex:
In charge of bodily responses
○
Sensations
○
•
Broca's Area
Language production and speaking
○
You speaking the language
○
Frontal Lobe
○
•
Wernicke's Area:
Understanding the language
○
Temporal Lobe
○
•
Auditory Musical Cortex
Temporal lobe
○
Responsible for music
○
•
Visual Cortex:
Vision
○
Occipital lobe
○
•
When you read something…
Visual Cortex receives word as a written stimuli1.
Angular Gyrus; pattern of visual transformation2.
Wernicke's Area; understand what the word really means3.
Broca's Area; controls the speak process4.
Motor Cortex; speaks 5.
Joe's Split Brain:
Had lots of seizures so they had to cut his corpus hemispheres •
Had to draw two shapes at the same time with two hands •
Words flashed to left brain (right computer) but he thought he didn't see
anything
But when asked to draw it, he saw it
○
•
Words on right brain (left computer), he could read just fine and do everything
fine
•
Words and faces
Food portraits of people were shown to him
○
Right computer --> left hemisphere --> pointed to fruit
○
Left computer --> right hemisphere --> face
○
•
Flashed two words at him, bell and music, bell was on left (right hemisphere)
and music was on right (left hemisphere)
Asked him to pick an image that corresponded to the word he saw, so he
picked bell, but made a random story to explain why he chose a certain
picture
○
Toad was on left side and stool was on the right side visually.
He knew the stool, but had to draw a toad on the stool to read
toadstool
Saw them separately □
§
○
•
Why can he still function normally?
Visual field
○
Plasticity
Brain realizes that it has to take control cause there's nothing there
anymore
§
New neurons
§
Brain grows and matures and compensates
§
○
•
Tiffany Field's Study on Babies
Looked at 20 babies who were premature •
Massaged babies for 45 minutes for ten days and the other babies (control)
received normal treatment
•
IV: presence of absence of massages•
DV: gained 47% more weight, more active, high motor and cognitive function
(tested by activeness and alertness)
•
Checked again 8 months later and the results were still consistent •
Sensation and Perception
Sensation: outside, takes info in•
Perception: organizing the sensation and processing it, internal •
Steps of Sensations
Modification via accessory structures (ex. Eyes, lens invert light) 1.
Transduction via sensory acceptors (ex. Rods (darkness; closer to periphery, aka
the edges) and cones (control color), converting energy to neural activity aka
brain code; occurs in sensory receptors- they send out action potentials and
respond to changes in stimulus and easily respond to changes in intensity)
2.
Encoding (ex. Translating the info from transduction into action potentials) 3.
Representation in cortex (ex. Thalamus is the sensory relay station)4.
Ganglia cells make up optic nerve.
Path of light to the eye:
Modification structure: cornea bends the light, iris narrows the light, pupil lens
filter light and adjust its intensity and takes information in as distil stimulus
1.
Transduction (starts with rods to more and more cones until you get to phobia
and within the phobia, you go through the bipolar cells which turn to ganglia
cells (which is the optic nerve) and encodes to the brain, specifically the
thalamus (relay station) which takes it to the visual cortex
2.
Feature Detectors:
Specialized neurons that only fire when •
Drilled a hole in cat's head to measure the electrical stimuli from the wires (put
electrodes in cat's heads)
Cat couldn't move head
○
Horizontal and vertical lines
○
Point of experiment: specific cells react to specific stimuli
○
IV: which way the light was put (horizontally or vertically)
○
DV: crackling of action potential
○
Up and down = no action potential
○
Left to right = lots of action potential
○
•
Conclusion: specific cells that reaction only to specific stimuli
Simple cells responded to the angle of lights
○
•
Steps of Perception
Construction
Context a.
Different attitudes and preferences b.
What we perceive is affected by who we are c.
1.
D2.
D3.
Gestalt Principles:
Figure and Ground: what you see as central object and what you see as
background
Example: a picture of two faces but also a vase a.
1.
Context Effect: your choices based on the context
Example: ABC, 12, 13, 14
Young and old women (Those who can't see both of them is called
functional fixation)
i.
a.
2.
Proximity: grouping things based on proximity
Example: grouping circles in groups of four because they're close to each
other
a.
3.
Similarity:
Example: a row of red dots and a row of orange dots; you group by row
based on color
a.
4.
Closure:
Example: your mind automatically closes a circle or square with a gap a.
5.
Continuity:
Example: a wave line and a straight line; you assume the straight line is
continuous even though the wavy line blocks out a piece of the straight
line
a.
6.
Illusory Contour:
Example: not a square, but the black circles made makes your brain think
that there is a square
a.
7.
Animal and human demos:
Showed a sequence of animal pictures and one of the pictures was a rat•
Showed a sequence of human pictures and one of the pictures was the rat but
people identified it as an old man
•
4/5/18
Thursday, April 5, 2018 4:34 PM
Document Summary
Brain stem - connects brain to spinal cord. Medulla - vital involuntary functions; breathing, heart rate, heart pressure. Reticular formation - arousal and attention, lots of serotonin. Driving a car, playing a sport (using a bat or ball), left kick in a right footed soccer player, riding a bike. Limbic system - above brainstem, inside core of the brain know the. Thalamus - relay station for sensory information, sense of smell. Amygdala - aggression and fear-anxiety center, involved fight or flight response (sympathetic) Hypothalamus - releases hormones, pleasure center, connects endocrine system and central nervous system using the (regulator) In hypothalamus and it"s the substantia nigra (substantia nigra is in the basal ganglia) If you get a squirt of dopamine in it, you get happy and motivated and that"s how addiction occurs. Through the substantia nigra, dopamine is process and. Through the substantia nigra, dopamine is process and pleasure sensors go off and it goes to the hpa-axis.
