ECON1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Marginal Revenue, Demand Curve, Market Power

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21 May 2018

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Chapter 10

Monopoly: one firm in an industry selling a product that does not have any close

substitutes

Barriers to entry: anything that prevents firms form entering a market

Market power: a firm’s power to set the market price without losing its entire

share of the market

Price maker: a firm that has the power to set its price rather than taking the

price set by the market

Marginal revenue decreases as the quantity of output increases and eventually

becomes negative

• Price must be lowered to sell increased output → falls until revenue

declines

Why is marginal revenue curve below demand curve?:

Increase in output:

1. Positive effect: P x ∆Q

2. Reduction in price on all items sold previously times the number of such

items sold (P>MR because → need to subtract this) ∆P x Q

Average revenue: total revenue divided by quantity (PxQ/Q) → demand curve

(another reason why marginal revenue is below demand curve)

Thinking on the margin: monopolist firms maximise profit when MR=MC

• Applies to competitive market also as in competitive market P=MR

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Document Summary

Monopoly: one firm in an industry selling a product that does not have any close substitutes. Barriers to entry: anything that prevents firms form entering a market. Market power: a firm"s power to set the market price without losing its entire share of the market. Price maker: a firm that has the power to set its price rather than taking the price set by the market. Marginal revenue decreases as the quantity of output increases and eventually becomes negative: price must be lowered to sell increased output falls until revenue declines. Increase in output: positive effect: p x q items sold (p>mr because need to subtract this) p x q, reduction in price on all items sold previously times the number of such. Average revenue: total revenue divided by quantity (pxq/q) demand curve (another reason why marginal revenue is below demand curve)

Related Questions

Suppose the inverse market demand function for a two-firm Cournot model is given by P=49-Q where Q=q_1+q_2 is the total output produced in the market, P is the market price, q_1 is the quantity of output produced by firm 1, q_2 is the quantity of output produced by firm 2. The marginal costs of the two firms are MC1=2 and MC2=3. For a linear inverse demand function P=a+bq, the marginal revenue is given by MR=a+2bq.

1. Find the marginal revenue MR1 of firm 1 as a function of q_1 and q_2.

2. Setting MR1=MC1, determine the reaction function of firm 1.

3. Find the marginal revenue MR2 of firm 2 as a function of q_1 and q_2.

4. Setting MR2=MC2, determine the reaction function of firm 2.

5. What quantity of output will each firm produce? That is, use the two reactions functions to find q_1 and q_2.

6. What is the market price P.

7. Determine the profits of each firm assuming there are no fixed costs.

upstairsatom

Suppose the inverse market demand function for a two-firm Cournot model is given by P=49-Q where Q=q1+q2 is the total output produced in the market, P is the market price, q1 is the quantity of output produced by firm 1, q2 is the quantity of output produced by firm 2. The marginal costs of the two firms are MC1=2 and MC2=3. For a linear inverse demand function P=a+bq, the marginal revenue is given by MR=a+2bq.

1. Find the marginal revenue MR1 of firm 1 as a function of q1 and q2.

2. Setting MR1=MC1, determine the reaction function of firm 1.

3. Find the marginal revenue MR2 of firm 2 as a function of q1 and q2.

4. Setting MR2=MC2, determine the reaction function of firm 2.

5. What quantity of output will each firm produce? That is, use the two reaction functions to find q1 and q2.

6. What is the market price P.

7. Determine the profits of each firm assuming there are no fixed costs.

upstairsatom

1. Patent laws:
reduce incentive to innovate by restricting market entry
reduce incentive to innovate by making it difficult to use thepatented innovation
increase incentive to innovate by restricting entry into amarket
increase incentive to innovate by giving a firm permanent andexclusive production rights

2. Which of the following is true of marginal revenue for amonopolist that charges a single price?
P = MR because there are no close substitutes for the monopolist'sproduct.
P > MR because the monopolist must decrease price on all unitssold in order to sell an additional unit.
P < MR because the monopolist must decrease price on all unitssold in order to sell an additional unit.
AR = MR because there are no close substitutes for the monopolist'sproduct.

3. Negative marginal revenue means that
total revenue is decreasing as output increases
the firm is maximizing its total revenue
the firm is maximizing its economic profit
total revenue is increasing at a decreasing rate as outputincreases

4. A profit-maximizing monopolist produces an output level atwhich
marginal revenue is the greatest distance from marginal cost
price is less than marginal cost
the value to society of the last unit produced equals marginalcost
marginal revenue equals marginal cost

5. Compared to a perfectly competitive market, a monopoly tends toproduce
more output and charge a higher price
the same amount of output, but charge a higher price
less output and charge a higher price
less output and charge the same price

6. Monopolistic competition is best described as
many firms with some control over price, and some productdifferentiation
many firms with no control over price, producing identicalproducts
a few firms with some control over price, producing highlydifferentiated products
a few firms with no control over price, producing similarproducts

7. Which of the following characteristics does perfect competitionshare with monopolistic competition?
price-taking firms
zero long-run economic profit
homogeneous product
some barriers to entry

8. Monopolistically competitive firms do not achieve productiveefficiency because
entry of firms raises production costs in the long run
barriers to entry allow profit to be earned in the long run
price is greater than marginal cost at the profit maximizing outputlevel
profit is maximized at a quantity where average total cost is notminimized

9. There are multiple models of pricing behavior in oligopolisticmarkets because
it is difficult to predict how rival firms will react to anypricing decision
the demand curve slopes upward for these firms
firms could earn profit in the long run unlike other markets
price has a direct impact on profit for a firm in oligopoly

10. Which of the following is likely to occur when a two-persongame can be played repeatedly?
Collusion and cooperation among the players
The prisoner's dilemma
The industry demand curve will become perfectly elastic
The industry demand curve will become perfectly inelastic

ECON1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Marginal Revenue, Demand Curve, Market Power

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