7124 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Margaret Mead, Blood Sugar, Thomas Kuhn
21 Jun 2018
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CHAPTER 2 NOTES
Motivation in Historical perspective
- 1st textbook on motivationwritten in 1964 by Cofer & Appley
- Study of motivation has changed a lot, wouldn’t include things like motivation in sports,
schools, work, obesity and dieting, personal control beliefs ect
- Would most likely focus on freud and maslow
Philosophical origins of motivational concepts
- Intellectual roots of motivation and emotion study: ancient greeks – Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle
- Plato proposed that motivation flowed from a tripartle, hierarchicaly arranged soul (or mind,
psyche). Primitive level: appetitive aspect contributed bodily aspects and desires (hunger,
sex). Competitive aspect contribute socially referenced standards (social honor, social
shame). Highest level the calculating aspect for decision making attributes (reasoning,
choosing). The higher levels regulated lower levels and all explaned behaviour. Alike to
freuds ID, superego and ego.
- Aristotle renamed platos tripartle: nutritive (most impulsive, irrational – bodily urges),
sensitive (regulated pleasure and pain, bodily urges) and rational (unique to human feelings,
intellectual, idea related)
- Later, these became a dualism: passions of the body (irrational, impulsive, biological) and
reason of the mind (rational, intelligent, spritual).
- Thomas aquinas: suggested the body provided irrational pleasure based motivational
impulses, wheras the mind provided rational will based motivations.
- Descartes: distinguished between passice and active aspects of motivation. Body responded
to environment in a passive way (mechanistic way through senses, reflexes and physiology).
Mind acted in active way: thinking, spiritua, purposeful will.
oGave rise to study of physiology (passive body reactions)
oTo understand active: study of philosophy started
oSaid that to understand will means to understand motivtion as a faculty of power of
the mind that controlled bodily appetites and passions
Grand theories
oAll encompassing theory to explain full range of motivated action. A single cause
that fully explains the phenomenon
- Will
oDescartes
oActs of willing identified as choosing, striving and resisting.
oEnded up being ill understood faculty of the mind that arose from innate capactiies,
environmental sensations, life experences and reflections upon oneself and its ideas.
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oOnce it emerged – full of purpose
oSome show more willpower than others
oDid not discover nature or laws of operation of ‘Will”
- Instinct
oCharles Darwin: evolution – turned scientists away from mentalistic motivational
concepts (eg the will) and towards mechanistic and genetic ones
Also made people looks at animal instincts and how they use resources
(motivation) to adapt to environment. That making the man animal
distinction was a mistake.
oInstinct: unlearned, automated, mechanistic and inherited behaviours
oExplained where the motivatinal force came from:physical substance, genetic
enowment – they were real
oWilliam james
Instinct to impulse was the presence of an appropriate stimulus
oWilliam McDougall
Instinct theory
Inclusive of explore, fight, mother offspring
Instints: irrational, impulsive motivaitonal forces oriented towards a
particular goal
Instincts determine the possessor to perceive, and to pay
attentional to objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional
excitement of a particular quality upon perceiving such an object
and to act in regard to it in a particular manner or at least to
experience an implse to such action
oHow many instincts?
Some said 6000 (Bernards, Dunlap)
Confusion occurred with explaining and naming
oCircular explanation of instincts
Attempts to explain an observation in terms of itself
Ie instinct to fight motivates acts of aggression
Evidence is itself: bad thing
- Drive
Introduced by woodworth
Bodily deficits (lack of food ect) = drive
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Motivated whatever behaviour instrumental to servicing the bodys needs
(eating ect)
oFreuds Drive Theory
Used case studies
Believed all behaviour was motivated and that the purpose of behavour was
to serve the satisfaction of biologically based bodily needs.
Biological urges are recurring and produce energy buildups in nervous
system
Energy buildups create discomfort (anxiety)
If buildup is unchecked; threten physical and psychological health
Emergency warning system
Behaviour occurs until drive is satisfied
4 components of freuds drive theory
Source: bodily deficit (eg blood sugar)
Impetus: intensity of bodily deficit grows and emerges into
conscioueness as a psychological discomfort which is anxiety
(threshold is reached = drive)
Object: to reduce anxiey and satisfy deficit, consumes something to
satisfy
Aim: if it satisfies deficit – quiets anxiety for some time.
oHulls Drive Theory
Clark Hull
Used randomised experiments
Drive: pooled energy source composed of all current bodily
deficits/disturbances (a total bodily need). Purely physiological basis
whereby bodily need was ultimate source of motivation
High vs low motivation could be predicted before it occurs
High motivation = longer duration
If response was followed quickly by a reduction in drive, learning occurred
and habit was reinforced
Neal Miller: Drive, Cue, Response, Reward
E = H x D
E= excitatory potential
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
1st textbook on motivationwritten in 1964 by cofer & appley. Study of motivation has changed a lot, wouldn"t include things like motivation in sports, schools, work, obesity and dieting, personal control beliefs ect. Would most likely focus on freud and maslow. Intellectual roots of motivation and emotion study: ancient greeks socrates, plato, Plato proposed that motivation flowed from a tripartle, hierarchicaly arranged soul (or mind, psyche). Primitive level: appetitive aspect contributed bodily aspects and desires (hunger, sex). Competitive aspect contribute socially referenced standards (social honor, social shame). Highest level the calculating aspect for decision making attributes (reasoning, choosing). The higher levels regulated lower levels and all explaned behaviour. Aristotle renamed platos tripartle: nutritive (most impulsive, irrational bodily urges), sensitive (regulated pleasure and pain, bodily urges) and rational (unique to human feelings, intellectual, idea related) Later, these became a dualism: passions of the body (irrational, impulsive, biological) and reason of the mind (rational, intelligent, spritual).
