BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter 52.1: CHAPTER 52 – POPULATION ECOLOGY – 52.1

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8 Mar 2017

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Population ecology is the study of how and why the number of individuals in a population is changing over time. Demography: the number of individuals in a population depends on 4 processes, birth, death, emigration. Immigration: analyzing the rates of these factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is demography, generation - the average time between a mother"s first offspring, and her daughter"s first offspring. Type 1: humans, survivorship early is high. Individuals have the same probability of dying each year. Type 3: extremely high death rates for seeds and seedlings but higher survival rates later in life. Fecundity: number of female offspring produced by each female in a population, age-specific fecundity - average number of female offspring produced by a female in age class x. The role of life history: data on fecundity from case1: In brittany, 50% of 1yo female lizards reproduce. In the netherlands almost no one-year-old females reproduce.

Related Questions

As temperatures in an African savanna increase and rainfall decreases, it would most likely change into

tiaga

desert

tropical rainforest

temperate forest

What is imprinting? Give an example.

fixed assocation, such as hatching ducks recognizing the first animal they see as their mother

a learned behavior, such as a wasp circling during a search for food, so that it can return to its nest

alteration of instinct, such as a spider changing the type of web it weaves depending upon the environment

Opportunistic species

provide extensive care for their offspring

produce many offspring

reproduce later in life

What are the five agents of microevolution?

gamete production; mating; fertilization; caring for offspring; formation of herds

photosynthesis; respiration; mitosis; meiosis; fertilization

mutation; gene flow; nonrandom mating; genetic drift; natural selection

Microevolution is

new species

minor extinction of species

changes in allele frequency in a population

Which of the following is does not help defend against predators?

Toxins made by plants that injure caterpillars feeding on the plant

The large eyespots on a moth's wing that can startle a hungry bird

Thorns on a plant

Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers

Humans have a favored birth weight, neither too small nor too large. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

What is a keystone species?

the first organism that populates an area

an organism upon which the entire ecosystem depends

the first fossils found in the earliest rock strata

As temperatures in the Arctic warm, which of the following changes may occur?

Tundra will be replaced by taiga

Taiga will be replaced by tundra

Temperate forest will be replaced by taiga

Tundra will be replaced by desert

Taiga will be replaced by temperate rain forest

What is desertification?

restoration of vegetation and water to deserts

areas adjacent to deserts also become deserts

abandonment of a habitat by animals

Evolution occurs at the level of

individuals

populations

communities

The maximum population that the environment can support is called the

biotic potential

environmental resistance

carrying capacity

replacement reproduction

demographic transition

A population with relatively more pre-reproductive individuals is common in _____-developed countries

less

Endangered species sometimes breed in captivity. Why are such species endangered in the wild?

Their population density is too high

Loss of habitat

Their environment is polluted

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

only animal life

only plant life

living components only

nonliving components only

both living and nonliving components

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

as carbon dioxide

from respiration of plants

by the burning of fossil fuels

from respiration of animals

All of the answer choices are correct

Why does the Tropical Rain Forest contain an abundance of antibiotic compounds?

The area is crowded, leading to random production of useful compounds

The area is wet. plants had to develop resistance to fungi and bacterial infections

There is a great diversity of plants, leading to random production of useful compounds

The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by

the reproductive rate of the organism

the number of organisms of that species

the state and national wildlife laws pertaining to that species

a complex

the limited productivity of the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism

An introduced species that breeds and spreads is

resourceful

harmful

native

dominant

invasive

What is disruptive selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Natural selection acts on

individuals

populations

communities

Two populations of birds live in the same area but have different sleep/wake cycles. This is

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

An insect that resembles the face of a snake avoids predation by

camouflage

warning coloration

mimicry

chemical defense

mutualism

Unselfish acts that help others in a group so that they increase their chances of surviving and reproducing is called

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

the correct allele frequency

existing neutral mutations

existing beneficial mutations

How did geology influence Darwinâs thoughts?

It demonstrated that the earth was very old, therefore there was enough time for species to evolve

it demonstrated that all continents were similar

it demonstrated the presence of many fossils

The founder effect occurs when

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

The greenhouse effect is due to high atmospheric

Nitrogen

Ammonia

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

What are the Reproductive Barriers that keep species separate?

lack of food; lack of habitat; lack of potential mates; lack of nesting sites; lack of genetic variation

mountains; canyons; glaciers; bodies of water (for terrestrial animals); areas of land (for aquatic animals)

habitat isolation; temporal isolation; behavioral isolation; mechanical isolation; gamete isolation

What is directional selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey

A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators

An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the number of prey

An up-and-down cycle will be seen for the prey animal

A seasonal die-off that will occur without the other species present

Why are top-level predators (lions, eagles, humans) so rare in a community?

Only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

They do not breed as fast as other animals

Because of predation by higher predators

It is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey

Their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check

Alleles conferring bright color to male guppies are common because

they make males less visible to predators

they help males identify each other

they are preferred by females

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are

autotroph

heterotroph

producer

autotroph and producer

heterotroph and producer

What is the environmental impact of strip mining?

lack of trees exposes the surface of the earth, promoting runoff and loss of adjacent trees

removal of minerals from the soil hampers growth of vegetation

it causes a potential increase in volcanic activity

Two populations of squirrels are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of:

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

What is a danger of overfishing?

humans will become dependent upon fish

selection for smarter fish that can avoid being caught

driving the population back into the lag phase

What is meant by prezygotic versus postzygotic speciation mechanisms?

before versus after formation of a zygote

before versus after meiosis

before versus after gamete formation

The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

artificial selection

microevolution.

speciation

macroevolution

Avoidance of a location with predators is the result of

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

What is the difference between Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors on populations?

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals; density-independent exerts the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence on larger, more dense individuals; density-independent factors exert the same impact on individuals of all size

density-dependent factors exert the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number; density-independent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals regardless of their number

All of the organisms in a given location or area is termed a

peer group

flock

community

population

herd

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be highest in

a minnow

a mosquito larva

a seagull

plankton

algae

Our biosphere is

the Earth

the atmosphere

the ocean

land on Earth

fresh and salt water

What is meant by âcarrying capacityâ?

the amount of food produced in an ecosystem

the extent of energy required to maintain an ecosystem

the number of individuals that can be supported by an ecosystem

Species living on another is

resource partitioning

coevolution

symbiosis

predation

niche sharing

One species feeding on another is

competition

a community

an ecosystem

predation

symbiosis

Populations of different species interacting with one another in a natural environment is called

competition

a community

a biome

predation

symbiosis

Which of the following is not a biogeochemical cycle?

ATP cycle

water cycle

carbon cycle

phosphorus cycle

nitrogen cycle

Horses became larger and faster to escape predators. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

PLEASE ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH FORM CORRECTLY. I appreciate it.

1. A) Describe what SexualSelection is and B) explain how it differs fromNatural Selection

2. Research a behavior in an animal andA) explain the ultimate causes of that behaviorand B) list the proximate causes of it.

3. âThe southern gastric broodingfrog was discovered in 1972 and properly described in 1981. Intenseinterest followed and in the same year it had disappeared in thewild, shortly followed by the last captive specimen's death in1983. The interest was primarily due to the frog's unusualreproductive method. The female swallows her eggs and turns herstomach into a womb, vomiting up her young when they are grown. Theloss of her stomach means she doesn't eat while they develop, andher new womb bloats so much it causes her lungs to collapse(meaning she has to breathe through her skin). On the other handanother species of frog, the TÃºngara frog, lay their eggs in a pondand leaves them to develop on their own without any parental careâ(www.facebook.com/evolutionarybiology - like). A)Compare the gastric brooding frog and the TÃºngara in terms of howthey balance the trade-off of quality vs. quantity of offspring(are they each K-selected or r-selected?). B) Whatother life-history traits (include: life span, number of offspringproduced, age at reproduction, reproductive events per lifetime) doyou expect to find differences between gastric brooding frog or theTÃºngara frog? Explain.

4. A) Explain why one can argue that humanswere K-selected species before the industrial revolution and now inmodern times see to be r-selected (in your explanation include theterms: carrying capacity, rate of population growth).B) However, in developed countries, the number ofoffspring produced per couple is decreasing every year, the age offirst time mothers in increasing (they are older when they havetheir first baby) and the cost of investment per offspring isincreasing (for example college tuition!). Explain what effectwould that have in the model of population growth in developedcountries (do you expect them to be more K-selected or r-selected?)Make sure to support your argument. C)Can human population increase forever? (use the terms: carryingcapacity, population growth, density-dependent anddensity-independent factors).

5. Study the figure below (published in Kwanoet al. 2002). The x-axis of the figure shows different locations atdifferent altitudes, with altitude decreasing from left to right(W. Java has the highest altitude, W. Mindanao has the lowest). They-axis represents the range of body length for beetles found ateach location. Two species of closely related rhinoceros beetlesinhabit Southeast Asia: Chalcosoma caucasus andChalcosoma atlas. One species, C. atlas (whiteboxes in the figure), is more common in low altitude, while C.caucasus (filled boxes in the figure) is more common in higheraltitudes. However, they overlap at intermediate altitude (fromLampung to E. Thailand). The graph shows the body length of eachspecies in allopatric and sympatric locations. What ecologicalphenomenon can explain the differences between the allopatric (whenonly one species lives in that location) and sympatric (when bothspecies live in the same location) populations? Please explain yourargument, you MUST include the terms: competition, competitiveexclusion, realized niche, fundamental niche, resource-partitioning& character displacement).

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1. What was Darwin's theory of pangenesis and how did it fit his model of blending inheritance? How did it allow for the influence of the environment on hereditary characters?

2. How was the idea of environmental influence criticized by Weismann? What his idea of "germ plasm"?

3. What were Mendel's laws on the segregation of traits and on recessive and dominant traits? How did he support these ideas with evidence?

4. What was Galton's argument regarding the inheritance of genius and how did he attempt to prove it?

1. What is the definition of eugenics? What is the difference between positive and negative eugenics?

2. What was "feeblemindedness"? Why did scientists want to eliminate these people from the population?

3. What was the argument presented for sterilization based on the Jukes family history?

4. How was feeblemindedness portrayed in the Norton pamphlet on âSelective Sterilization in Primer Formâ?

5. How does the Carrie Buck case illustrate the concerns of eugenecists? How does it illustrate social values of the time?

1. What was the Kallikak family study, and how did it differ from the Jukes family study? What were its conclusions?

2. What were five factors that contributed to a growing concern over immigration and its threat to "nativism." (Be sure you know what American nativism was.)

3. What was the Immigration Restriction Act? How did passage of the act further eugenic goals?

4. How were eugenic doctrines popularized? What are some examples of positive eugenics?

5. What is the concept of "mental age" on which the Binet test was based? What did early researchers think they were measuring with these tests?

1. What were the results of the I.Q. test administered to World War I draftees? How did some people criticize this test and its results?

2. How did increasing research on development and genetics call into question the simple unit-character assumptions of earlier eugenecists?

3. What concerns did German âracial hygienistsâ express about different birthrates among Germans, Slavic peoples, and southern Europeans?

4. How was the rise of National Socialism (Nazism) in Germany based on promoting the genetically âhealthyâ and preventing reproduction among the âunhealthyâ? Who was included in the unhealthy category?

5. What was the purpose of the German âhealth courtsâ? How did U.S. sterilization laws serve as models for German sterilization programs?

1. How were Margaret Sangerâs view on birth control similar to and different from eugenics?

2. What were the fears over the âpopulation explosionâ in the 1960s?

3.What similarities are there between the case of the Relf sisters and Madrigal vs. Quilligan?

4. How were sterilizations in the 1960s and 1970s similar to and different from the eugenic sterilizations of the 1920s and 1930s?

5. Why were so many women sterilized in Puerto Rico?

1. What are the basic particles of the atom? What is an isotope?

2. What were the contributions of Roentgen, Becquerel, and Marie Curie to the discovery of radioactivity?

3. How did Rutherford explain radioactive decay (Experiment 1)? How are atoms of one element transmuted into another element during radioactive decay?

4. What was Thompsonâs model of the atom? What was Rutherford's model and how did he prove he was right (Experiment 2)?

5. What is the basic idea behind a nuclear chain reaction (fission)? Be able to explain 92235U â 56142Ba + 3691Kr + 3 neutrons + energy.

6. What were the circumstances that led Einstein to write to Roosevelt? What did he tell him?

1. How did the timing of the various decisions about deciding to make a bomb, making the bomb, and deciding to drop it coincide with the course of World War II? 2. What effect did the death of Roosevelt have on the decision to drop the bomb?

3. How did the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union affect the decision to drop the bomb?

4. In what ways did Bohr, Szilard, and Franck try to get the politicians to think about the consequences of dropping the bomb? What were their various recommendations about international control?

5. How was the Interim Committee involved in the decision to drop the bomb? Which scientists advised the committee and what did they recommend?

1. How did Oppenheimer's attitudes toward the atomic bomb change over his lifetime? After the war was over, what was he advocating in relation to the bomb?

2. What were the reasons for and against initiating the project to build the atomic bomb? Did these reasons change during the course of the war?

3. What were the reasons in 1945 for and against dropping the bomb in a surprise attack?

4. With the benefit of hindsight, of more knowledge about the actual state of Japan in 1945, and of further understanding about the effects of the bomb, do you still think that the reasons you suggested in answer to question 3 are valid? Do you think there was any way to have done things differently?

1. How did the United States people first learn of the bombing of Hiroshima? What were they told?

2. What alternative to using the bomb was always mentioned by those justifying the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

3. What was the Potsdam ultimatum and how did the Japanese respond? Why did they reject it?

4. What possibilities for a negotiated peace settlement with Japan existed during the summer of 1945? Why were they unsuccessful?

5. When and how did the American public first begin to learn about the effects of the bombings on the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

1. What were some of the reactions of scientists to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

2. What were the major concerns of scientists after the war regarding the development and control of nuclear weapons?

3. How did the events of the Cold War influence the development of the Hydrogen Bomb?

4. What was the recommendation of the General Advisory Committee concerning the H-bomb, and on what reasons was it based?

1. In the years after World War II, how did scientists justify further research and development of nuclear weapons? How did cultural images facilitate this process? 2. What prompted U.S. policymakers to launch the "peaceful atom" campaign?

3. How was civil defense used to encourage public acquiescence during the early years of the nuclear arms race?

4. Why were so many civil defense campaigns directed toward women and children?

5. Did CDA materials provide an accurate portrayal of nuclear war?

BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter 52.1: CHAPTER 52 – POPULATION ECOLOGY – 52.1

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