BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Ancient Dna, Trilobite, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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17 Dec 2015

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Pattern component statement that summarizes a series of observations about the natural world. Process component mechanism that produces that pattern or set of observations. Pattern component of special creation: all species are independent, in the sense of being unrelated to each other. 2) life on earth is young perhaps 6000 years old: species are immutable, or incapable of change. Typological thinking the idea that species are unchanging and that variations should be ignored because they can be misleading. The great chain of being created by aristotle with the chain rising with more complex organisms at the top. Lamarckian theory the chain of being becomes a ladder, in which organisms become. Better because they change as a result of adaptations from environmental threats and changes. Darwin and wallace proposed that the change in species over time is based on natural selection acting on heritable variation among individuals.

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In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from âThe Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,â by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from âOn the Origin of Species,â by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

ï¿¼ï¿¼Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

Random, chance events that change allele frequencies are knownas:

A. Gene flow

B. Genetic drift

C. Natural selection

D. Balancing selection

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Question 21 pts

What type of selection acts to maintain the two extremephenotypic variants in a population?

A. Disruptive selection

B. Directional selection

C. Positive selection

D. Artificial selection

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Question 31 pts

Approximately, how much of our DNA is shared with our closestrelatives, chimpanzees?

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Question 41 pts

The large canines of male baboons are likely the result of________, while the fact that some male baboons are very colorfulis probably the result of _______.

A. Mutation; balancing selection

B. Gene flow; sexual dimorphism

C. Male competition; female choice

D. Mate choice; genetic drift

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Question 51 pts

Negative assortative mating results in an increased frequency ofhomozygous genotypes within a population.

True

False

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Question 61 pts

Genetic evidence suggests that humans and Neandertals neverinterbred.

True

False

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Question 71 pts

The specific variant of the FOXP2 gene associated with languageacquisition in humans is found in both humans and Neandertals.

True

False

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Question 81 pts

Industrial melanism describes the change in moth color from paleto dark after pollution from factories resulted in coating treetrunks with a layer of dark soot. Which statement is trueconcerning industrial melanism?

A. After pollution levels increased, all moths became darkercolored because soot got on their wings

B. The dark moths survived better after pollution levelsincreased because they were not poisoned by the pollutants

C. Individual moths changed their color in response to thepollution

D. Dark moths were present in the population before pollutionlevels increased

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Question 91 pts

Patterns of evolution can be seen above the species level

True

False

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Question 101 pts

Inbreeding is problematic because it increases the probabilitythat offspring inherit two copies of a recessive mutation thatcauses disease.

True

False

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Question 111 pts

As a species, cheetahs seem to have a high risk of extinctionbecause:

A. Gene flow has caused a proliferation of unnecessarygenes.

B. The species' genetic diversity is very low due to a previouspopulation bottleneck event.

C. The species has undergone extreme sexual selection in orderfor males to achieve faster running speeds.

D. Gene flow has been stifled due to an increase in demand forcaptive cheetahs.

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Question 121 pts

A strand of DNA undergoes mutation. Which mutation occurred?

Original DNA- GGA CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA

Mutated DNA- GGG CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA

A. point mutation

B. insertion mutation

C. deletion mutation

D. inversion mutation

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Question 131 pts

A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?

A. Point mutation

B. Insertion mutation

C. Deletion mutation

D. Inversion mutation

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Question 141 pts

A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?

A. point mutation

B. insertion mutation

C. deletion mutation

D. inversion mutation

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Question 151 pts

According to the Typological Species Concept, species are:

A. An interbreeding group of organisms

B. Static entities endowed with fixed properties

C. A local population of organisms that have similargenes, interbreed, and produce offspring

D. An exclusive community of gene exchange

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Question 161 pts

Recognizing reproductive isolation is key to defining speciesunder the Biological Species Concept.

True

False

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Question 171 pts

The binomial system of classification was developed by:

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Question 181 pts

A derived trait, unique to a particular taxon within a givencladogram is called:

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Question 191 pts

Analogy, and not homology, is useful for reconstructingevolutionary history.

True

False

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Question 201 pts

A phylogeny is which of the following:

A. A depiction of an organism's complete genome

B. A depiction of evolutionary relationships betweenorganisms

C. The gradual evolution of one species intoanother

D. The Latin name of an organism including its genus andspecies designation

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QUESTION 3

Which of the following would NOT be a good method for sortingout the evolutionary relationships between a parrot, gorilla,hippopotamus, starfish, and catfish?

		comparing the skeletal anatomy
		examining the habitat in which these organisms live
		looking at embryos for common developmental patterns
		comparing the nucleotide sequence divergence of selectedgenes
		all of the above would provide useful information

10 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these habitats should have the highest number ofendemic species (found there and nowhere else).

		grasslands of the central United States
		Hawaiian islands
		Amazonian rainforest basin
		Mississippi river

10 points

QUESTION 5

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent withmodification through variation and natural selection" can bedemonstrated by which of the following examples?

		A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches. Theexercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck andlegs. This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe'soffspring.
		A monkey accidently drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay,she recovers the fruit and eats it. She discovers that the fruit iscleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water. Shecontinues to wash fruit in the bay before eating. Her offspring seewhat she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water.Soon the whole population is washing their fruit
		Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sandon a beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the othersare darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but oneby one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand coloredturtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes toa darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that arealso sand colored when they are born
		A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has theability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water.The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of preyand eaten

10 points

QUESTION 6

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands,allowing him to compare island species with continental species. Interms of framing his theory of evolution, why was thissignificant?

		Because the island species had both similarities to theircontinental ancestors and unique adaptations to their islandenvironments
		Because the island species no longer shared traits with theircontinental ancestors
		Because the species he saw on the islands had not changed fromtheir ancestral continental form
		Because the island species had very low reproductive andsurvival rates as compared with their continental ancestors

BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Ancient Dna, Trilobite, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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