HTHSCI 1LL3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Benzene, Electronegativity, Carboxylate
22 Jun 2018
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Biochemistry Textbook Notes
Biologic Functional Groups
Structures of the Major Compounds of the Body p 54
-Organic molecules consist of C, H, O, N, S, and P
-Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds, and act as the backbone for the structures
-Groups with 1,2,3,4, and 5 C’s are methyl, ethyl, propionyl, butyl and pentanyl
-iso: branched chain
-ene: contains a double bond
-aliphatic: straight or branched chains with double or single bonds, but no ring
-aromatic: 6 C benzene ring with 3 double bonds, but equally shared, delocalized electrons
-In C-C and C-H bonds, electrons are shared equally, bonds are non polar and unreactive
-In C-O and C-N bonds, electrons are shred unequally, bonds are polar and reactive
-functional group properties determine reactions
-Oxidized and Reduced Groups
-C-C and C-O groups are oxidized or reduced depending on electrons around the carbon
-Oxidation: loss of electrons (loss of H and electrons OR gain of O or hydroxyl)
-Reduction: Gain of electrons (gain of H or loss of O)
-C is more oxidized as we go from alcohol to aldehyde/ketone to carboxyl
-C=C is more oxidized than C-C
-Groups That Carry a Charge
-Carboxylate, sulfate, and phosphate (P)groups are acidic and carry a negative charge
-Nitrogen groups are basic and carry a positive charge
-If 3/5 electrons form bonds, N has no charge
-if 5/5 electrons form bonds (with H or C), N is positive
-Amines are weak acids with pKa = 9 so that at pH 7.4 they are positive
-N, O, and S are more electronegative than C
-For molecules to be soluble they must be charged or polar therefore side chain determines solubility
-Water forms a hydration hell around polar compounds, including H bonds and/or ionic interactions
between water and the compound
-non polar compounds cluster together and form van der waal and hydrophobic interactions as water
tries to increase H bonds between its molecules
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Document Summary
Structures of the major compounds of the body p 54. Organic molecules consist of c, h, o, n, s, and p. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds, and act as the backbone for the structures. Groups with 1,2,3,4, and 5 c s are methyl, ethyl, propionyl, butyl and pentanyl. Aliphatic: straight or branched chains with double or single bonds, but no ring. Aromatic: 6 c benzene ring with 3 double bonds, but equally shared, delocalized electrons. In c-c and c-h bonds, electrons are shared equally, bonds are non polar and unreactive. In c-o and c-n bonds, electrons are shred unequally, bonds are polar and reactive. C-c and c-o groups are oxidized or reduced depending on electrons around the carbon. Oxidation: loss of electrons (loss of h and electrons or gain of o or hydroxyl) Reduction: gain of electrons (gain of h or loss of o) C is more oxidized as we go from alcohol to aldehyde/ketone to carboxyl.
