ECON 342 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: X-Forwarded-For

The table below describes the total product of a firm. Fill in the missing values, a) - u), by calculating marginal product and average product.

Refer to the table from above.

a. List the units of capital exhibit increasing marginal returns?

b. List the units of capital exhibit decreasing marginal returns?

c. List the units of capital exhibit negative marginal returns?

8. Describe how the total product and average product curves change as a firm moves from increasing to diminishing to negative marginal returns.

9. Does the law of diminishing returns mean that, as a firm hires additional workers, each of those workers is successively worse at doing their job? Why or why not?

Table 66 gives data on percent change per year stock prices (Y) and consumer prices (X) for a cross section of 20 cities.

******************* answer in "SAS format" please********************* (if possible)

1) Plot the data in scattergram

2) Regress Y on X and examine the residuals from this regression. What do you observe?

3) Since the data for city(E) is unusual, repeat the regression in (2) dropping the data on city(E). Now examine the residuals from this regression. What do you observe?

4) If on the basis of the results in (2) you conclude that there was heteroscedasticity in the error variance but on the basis of the results in (3) you reverse your conclusion, what general conclusions do you draw?

State whether the following statements are true or false. Breifly justify your answer:

5) When autocorrelation is present, OLS estimators are biased as well as inefficient;

6) The R squared values of two models, one involving regression in the first-difference form and another in the level form, are not directly comparable.

7) In the presence of heterscedasticity the usual OLS method always overestimates the standard errors of estimators.

8) If a regression model is mis-specified (e.g., an important variable is ommitted), the OLS residuals will show a distinct pattern.

Match the definitions or complete the statements in the first part of the quiz with the appropriate terms found in the second part.

Definitions/Statements

1. _____ refers to marketers’ focus on a product rather than on the needs of the market.

2. _____ companies do not try to persuade consumers to buy what the firm has already produced, but rather to produce only products that they know they can sell, thereby satisfying consumers’ needs and turning them into loyal customers.

3. The impact of technology on buyer behavior relates to factors such as ____; the use of technology to engage customers and build relationships; customization of products and promotional messages; and better prices and distribution.

4. In the case of situational influences, this relates to the situation in which or the occasion on which the product will be used, e.g., special occasion or everyday use.

5. In the case of situational influences, this relates to the fact if we are in a store, point-of-purchase displays could influence us to buy something. We could also make unplanned purchases because we remembered something from seeing the brand while we are in the store.

6. This discipline on which consumer researchers draw focuses on society and large groups in society such as family and social class.

7. This discipline on which consumer researchers draw focuses on cultures and differences among cultures.

8. These are temporary circumstances that affect consumer purchase decisions.

9. In the case of situational influences, this refers to the fact that the person and the occasion for which we are buying something influence our purchase decisions.

10. According to the simple model of consumer decision making, reference groups, family, social class, culture, and subculture are among the _____ on buyer behavior.

11. According to the simple model of consumer decision making, motivation, personality trait, perception, and attitudes are among the _____ on buyer behavior.

12. According to the simple model of consumer decision making, advertising, buzz agents, customized messages, social media, and word-of-mouth are examples of ____.

13. This discipline on which consumer researchers draw focuses on behavior in small groups and helps consumer researchers to understand issues such as opinion leadership, diffusion of innovations, and communication.

14. In the case of situational influences, ______ are consumer mood states or physiological state (for example, hunger, thirst) that influence consumer decision-making.

15. The selection of one or more segments by a marketer to serve.

16. Developing a distinct image for a brand in the mind of consumers.

17. This is an effort by a marketer to change the existing perception that consumers have of a brand.

19. ___ segmentation involves segmenting based on variables such as urban, rural, suburb, state, cities, counties, and regions.

20. ____ segmentation is based on variables such as consumers’ lifestyles as indicated by their activities, interests, and opinions.

21. This criterion for effective targeting says that marketers should have some way of deciding which consumers fall into which segments.

22. This criterion for effective targeting says that marketers should be able to reach segments with appropriate media and distribution channels.

23. This is the most popular segmentation system combining lifestyles and values of consumers.

24. This household segmentation model is based on a combination of geographic and demographic information and the principle that “Birds of a feather flock together.”

25. ______ is defined as “sending consumers personalized and prompt offers and promotional messages designed to reach the right consumers and deliver to them highly relevant messages at the right time and more accurately than when using conventional segmentation techniques.”

Terms

A. Positioning

B. Accessibility

C. Anthropology

D. Situational influences

E. Consumption situation

F. Task definition

G. Identification

H. Marketing-oriented

I. Targeting

J. Psychographic

K. Marketing myopia

L. PRIZM

M. Interactive and novel communication channels

N. Sociology

O. Demographic

P. Purchase situation

Q. Behavioral targeting

R. Antecedent states

S. Communication sources

T. Geographic

U. Sociocultural influences

V. VALS

W. Psychological influences

X. Social psychology

Y. Repositioning