IDST 1002H Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Hunger, Extreme Poverty, Washington Consensus
14 Jun 2018
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From Textbook Chapter 24: Understanding Global Poverty Reduction, Ideas, Actors, and
Institutions
Poverty in Social and Development Theory
• Different schools of development theory some pursue concepts of poverty that facilitate
measurement, and some focus on more structural aspects of poverty
• What is Poverty?:
• Absolute poverty: lack of basic needs
• Relative poverty: lack of social needs
• Relational poverty: unequal power relations between groups
• Objective measurements: specified by researchers
• Subjective measurements: made by people of their own status
• Human agency: individual behaviour and experiences
• Social structure: multiple units of analysis
Development as Poverty Reduction: A Brief History
• In 1950s and 1960s, it was believed modernization would solve poverty
• After WWII only a few countries modernized, and it was said underdevelopment was
blocking economic progress, and that Africa, Asia, And Latin America were
underdeveloped because of their relationships with the core
• In 1970s, ILO and UN proposed basic needs approach, in 1974 WB promoted rural
development
• 1980s and 1990s, Washington Consensus and SAPs dominated agenda (countries
should deregulate, privatize, and liberalize)
• In 1990 WB introduced dollar-a-day headcount measure and estimated 1.1 billion people
lived in extreme poverty, UNDP published first Human Development Report promoting
human development
• MDGs announced in 2000
Reducing Poverty: Ideas, Actors, and Institutions
Ideas and Actors:
• Results based management determined structure of the MDGs (explains why they are a
nested hierarchy, and indicators focused on time-bound outcomes), shaped the
specification of goals and meant the pursuit of global poverty eradication was focused on
measurables
Sen’s Framework for Conceptualizing Human Development:
• Functionings, Capability or freedom, Development
Material Capabilities and National Interests
• We have the capabilities to end extreme poverty, however much power has lied in rich
countries (specifically US)
• SDGs target eradication of poverty, set goals for achieving sustainable production
processes and consumption patterns, and seek to promote inclusive economic growth
The SDG’s:
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
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