NURS 2003H Chapter Notes - Chapter 31: Chemokine, Hypocapnia, Chemotaxis
26 Jun 2018
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Chapter 31: Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Asthma p.710-716 & p.728-732
- A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.
- Information causes varying degrees of obstruction which leads to recurrent episodes of
wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
- The more airway inflammation presents, the more hyper responsive the airways are to
an endogenous or an exogenous stimuli or triggers.
- Environmental effects on the airways trigger a series of events in the immune system
other genetically predisposed person.
o Lead to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction (airway narrowing)
o An episode can resolve spontaneously orbit treatment
Triggers of Asthma Attacks
- Exact cause is unknown
- Allergens, chemical and infectious agents can trigger airway inflammation.
- Allergens:
o Some people with asthma happen exaggerated immunoglobulin E (IgE) response
to certain allergens (dust, pollen, grasses, mites, roaches, moulds, animal
dander, latex).
o These allergens attach to IgE receptors on mast cells
o the IgE mast cell complexes remain for a long time thus a second exposure to
the allergen triggers mast cell degranulation even years after the initial exposure
to the allergen.
- Exercise:
o Exercise induced asthma
o usually occurs after not during vigorous exercise and is characterized by
bronchospasm (airway smooth muscle contraction).
oExercise induced asthma is pronounced during activities in which the person is
exposed to cold and dry air.
oAirway hyper responsiveness may result from changes in the airway mucosa
caused by the hyperventilation that occurs during exercise with either the
cooling or re-warming of air and capillary leakage in the airway wall.
- Respiratory Infections:
oAmong the most common triggers of worsening asthma
oInfections caused increased inflammation in the tracheobronchial System,
resulting in increased airway hyper responsiveness which can last from 2 to 8
weeks after infection.
oThis even happens in people without asthma
- Nose and Sinus Problems:
o Allergic rhinitis, either seasonal or perennial, and nasal polyps.
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Document Summary
Information causes varying degrees of obstruction which leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. The more airway inflammation presents, the more hyper responsive the airways are to an endogenous or an exogenous stimuli or triggers. Environmental effects on the airways trigger a series of events in the immune system other genetically predisposed person: lead to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction (airway narrowing, an episode can resolve spontaneously orbit treatment. Allergens, chemical and infectious agents can trigger airway inflammation. Nose and sinus problems: allergic rhinitis, either seasonal or perennial, and nasal polyps, sinus problems are usually related to inflammation of the mucous membranes, most commonly from non-infectious causes such as allergies. Bacterial sinusitis may also occur: contribute to poor asthma control. Emotional stress: hyperventilation and hypocapnia which can cause airway narrowing, an asthma exacerbation can produce panic and anxiety.
