BIOL 241 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Chemical Energy, Adenosine Triphosphate, Potential Energy

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beigecat777

8 Jul 2017

School

University of Calgary

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 241

Professor

William Huddleston

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Document Summary

An overview of metabolism: organisms have two ways of harvesting energy from their environment and two sources of carbon. Together, this means that there are four principal ways in which organisms acquire the energy and materials needed to grow, function, and reproduce. Animals are familiar examples: animals ingest other organisms, obtaining organic molecules such as glucose that they break down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Also although chemotrophs harness energy from organic molecules, the energy in these organic molecules is generally derived from the sun. !1: bearing these two points in mind, we use the terms phototroph and chemotroph because they call our attention to the flow of energy from the sun to organisms and then from one organism to the next. Organisms can also be classified in terms of where they get their carbon.

Related Questions

1. Bacteria _______________ oxidize inorganic or organic chemical compounds to obtain their energy and _______________ derive their energy from sunlight.

2. If an organism uses CO2 as a carbon source it is _____________________, but if it extracts its carbon from organic compounds it is _____________________.

3. The vast majority of bacteria use ___________ _____________ as an energy source, _______________ ____________ as a carbon source and ____________ _____________ as a source of electrons and hydrogens because they are _________________________________.

4. If a bacterium that uses light and organic compounds to obtain its other nutrients is __________________________________, but if it uses light and CO2 as a carbon source it is ____________________________.

5. Fungi and most protozoa due to their C, energy and electron requirements are classified as _______________________________.

6. Bacteria that oxidize chemical compounds to obtain their energy and obtain their source of carbon and electrons from organic compounds say that they are ________________________.

7. Bacteria that oxidize inorganic chemical compounds to obtain their energy and electrons, but use CO2 as a carbon source are _______________________________.

8. Cyanobacteria are _________________________ because they use __________ as a source of energy, _____________ as a carbon source and _______________ as a source of electrons and hydrogen.

9. Nutrition in most bacteria occurs mainly by ___________________.

10. Most bacteria reproduce by _____________________, but some can be reproduced alternately by _______________ or ______________________.

11. As energy flows through the food web in an ecosystem, the amount of energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level increases. stays the same. decreases. may increase or decrease, depending upon the system.

12. Autotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by breaking down tissues of organisms that have died. harness external energy sources to produce complex chemical compounds. depend directly on primary producers for their energy and nutrients. eat other autotrophs to obtain energy.

13. Which of the following gives the correct order for energy flow through an ecosystem? primary producers â secondary producers â tertiary producers primary consumers â primary producers â secondary producers secondary consumers â primary consumers â primary producers primary producers â primary consumers â secondary consumers

14. Which one of the following aspects of plant biology is not directly involved in maintaining an adequate supply of water for the entire plant? phloem roots xylem transpiration pull

15. Which structure(s) do most plants use to acquire the energy that they need for cellular processes? the roots the leaves the stem

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight
A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals
A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy
A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

orchidherring991

BIOL 241 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Chemical Energy, Adenosine Triphosphate, Potential Energy

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