ACCT 2230 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Marginal Cost, Sunk Costs, Fixed Cost

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olivewoodchuck632

7 Mar 2016

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Chapter 2 - cost terms, concepts, and classifications. Each different use of cost requires a different classification and definition of costs. Most manufacturing companies divide costs into three broad categories: direct materials, direct labour, and manufacturing overhead. Raw materials refer to any materials used in the final/finished product. They can include both direct and indirect materials: ex. Car batteries are a raw material for bmw. Direct materials - materials that become an integral part of a finished product and can be conveniently traced to it. Indirect materials - small items of materials such as glue and nails that may become an integral part of a finished product but the costs of tracing them exceed the benefits. Direct labour - factory labour costs that can easily be traced to individual units of production. Indirect labour - the labour costs of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and other factory workers that cannot conveniently be traced directly to particular products.

Related Questions

Ohno Company specializes in manufacturing a unique model of bicycle helmet. The model is well accepted by consumers, and the company has enough orders to keep the factory production at 10,000 helmets per month (80% of its full capacity). Ohno's monthly manufacturing cost and other expense data are as follows. Rent on factory equipment $11,000 Insurance on factory building 1,500 Raw materials (plastics, polystyrene, etc.) 75,000 Utility costs for factory 900 Supplies for general office 300 Wages for assembly line workers 58,000 Depreciation on office equipment 800 Miscellaneous materials (glue, thread, etc.) 1,100 Factory manager's salary 5,700 Property taxes on factory building 400 Advertising for helmets 14,000 Sales commissions 10,000 Depreciation on factory building 1,500 Margin check figures provide key numbers to confirm that you are on the right track. Instructions (a) Prepare an answer sheet with the following column headings. Product Costs Cost Item Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Period Costs Enter each cost item on your answer sheet, placing the dollar amount under the appropriate headings. Total the dollar amounts in each of the columns. DM $75,000 DL $58,000 MO $22,100 PC $25,100 (b) Compute the cost to produce one helmet. P1-2A Classify manufacturing costs into different categories and compute the unit cost. (LO 2), AP Bell Company, a manufacturer of audio systems, started its production in October 2017. For the preceding 3 years, Bell had been a retailer of audio systems. After a thorough survey of audio system markets, Bell decided to turn its retail store into an audio equipment factory. Raw materials cost for an audio system will total $74 per unit. Workers on the production lines are on average paid $12 per hour. An audio system usually takes 5 hours to complete. In addition, the rent on the equipment used to assemble audio systems amounts to $4,900 per month. Indirect materials cost $5 per system. A supervisor was hired to oversee production; her monthly salary is $3,000. Factory janitorial costs are $1,300 monthly. Advertising costs for the audio system will be $9,500 per month. The factory building depreciation expense is $7,800 per year. Property taxes on the factory building will be $9,000 per year. Instructions (a) Prepare an answer sheet with the following column headings. Product Costs Cost Item Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Period Costs Assuming that Bell manufactures, on average, 1,500 audio systems per month, enter each cost item on your answer sheet, placing the dollar amount per month under the appropriate headings. Total the dollar amounts in each of the columns. DM $111,00 DL $ 90,000 MO $ 18,100 PC $ 9,500 (b) Compute the cost to produce one audio system.

coffeetermite413

Step 1	You work for Thunderduck Custom Tables Inc. This is the first month of operations. The company designs and manufactures specialty tables. Each table is specially customized for the customer. This month, you have been asked to develop and manufacture two new tables for customers. You will design and build the tables. This is a no nail, no screw, and no glue manufacturing ( no indirect materials used). You will be keeping track of the costs incurred to manufacture the tables using Job #1 Cost Sheet and Job #2 Cost Sheet.
	The cost of the direct materials that can be used to manufacture the table are as follows. These cost are on a per unit basis.
		Table Top	$1,000.00
		Table Leg	$ 150.00
		Drawer	$ 300.00
	The company uses a job order costing system and applies manufacturing overhead to jobs based on direct labor hours.
	The company estimates that there will be 12 direct labor hours worked during the month.

	The estimated manufacturing overhead cost for the month is:
	a.	Factory supervisor salary per month	$ 2,500.00
	b.	Rent for the factory per month	$500.00
	c.	Depreciation of factory equipment per month	$600.00
		Total Estimated manufacturing overhead	$ 3,600.00

	What is the predetermined manufacturing overhead rate?		[POHR]
Step 2	The first order you received was to manufacture a table using a table top and four legs. This is your Job #1.
Step 3	The customer that has ordered Job #2, wants a table that is the same as Job #1, but wants to also add a drawer to the table.
Step 4	The following is a list of transactions that need to be recorded for the company for activity in the month of December. Record those in the "General Journal" tab of the excel file using the proper format. Please use the following accounts: Accounts Receivables, Raw materials, Work in process, Finished goods, Accumulated depreciation, Accounts payable, Salaries and wages payable, Sales revenue, Manufacturing overhead, Cost of goods sold, Salaries and wages expense, Advertising expenses, and Depreciation expense.
1-Dec	Raw Materials purchased on account, $10,000.
5-Dec	All Raw Materials needed for Job #1 were requisitioned from the material storage for use during the month. Assume all materials are direct. (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #1 Cost Sheet)
10-Dec	The following employee costs were incurred but not paid during the month:
	There are three assembly employees that spend 2 hours each, $20 per hour to make the table for Job #1. (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #1 Cost Sheet)
	Salary for supervisor of the factory $3,000.
	Administrative Salary $2,000.
15-Dec	All Raw Materials needed for Job #2 were requisitioned from the material storage for use during the month. Assume all materials are direct. (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #2 Cost Sheet)
16-Dec	Rent for the month of December for the factory building incurred but not paid $500.
17-Dec	Advertising costs incurred but not paid for the month was $1,200.
20-Dec	Depreciation for the month of December was recorded on equipment was $750 ($150 for equipment used in the factory and the remainder for equipment used in selling and administrative activities).
22-Dec	Manufacturing overhead cost was applied based on direct labor hours to Job #1 based on the POHR determined on the "Job Cost Sheet". (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #1 Cost Sheet)
26-Dec	Job #1 was completed and transferred to Finished Goods during the month.
28-Dec	The completed table from Job #1 was sold on account to the customer for $15,000 during the month. (Hint: Make sure to account for the cost of the table that was sold using the cost from the job cost sheet.)
31-Dec	Direct labor cost incurred but not paid for three employees to start manufacturing Job #2. The employees only worked one hour each, three hours total, $20 per hour during the month and they did not complete their work on the job. (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #2 Cost Sheet)
31-Dec	Manufacturing overhead cost was applied based on direct labor hours to Job #2 based on the POHR. Only three direct labor hours were worked on Job #2 during the month. (After you journalize this entry please enter the information into Job #2 Cost Sheet)
31-Dec	Any underapplied or overapplied overhead for the month was closed out to Cost of Goods Sold.
Step 5	Post the journal entries that you recorded on the "General Journal" tab to the "T-accounts" tab. This is the company's first month of business, so there will not be any beginning balances. Compute the balance for each T-account after all of the entries have been posted.
Step 6	Prepare a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and a Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold on the "Schedule of COGM and COGS" tab for Job #1 and Job #2 that were worked on during the month by the company. Make sure to follow the format noted in your book (pg. 87). (Hint: This is the company's first month of operations and therefore the beginning balances will be zero.)
Step 7	Prepare an Income Statement for the month using the Traditional Format on the "Income Statement" tab.
Step 8	Answer the additional questions below

	Check Figure: Cost of Goods Manufactured= $3,520, Net operating income=$6,730

	What is the ending balance for raw materials?			[EndingRM]
	What is the ending balance for work in process?			[EndingWIP]
	What is the ending balance for finished goods?			[EndingFG]
	What is the actual manufacturing overhead cost incurred during December before adjustment?			[ActualMOH]
	What is the total applied manufacturing overhead cost during December before adjustment?			[AppliedMOH]
	What is the unadjusted cost of goods sold?			[UnadjustedCGS]
	Was the manufacturing overhead for the month of December overapplied/underapplied ?			[overorunderMOH]
	What is the amount of Manufacturing overhead overapplied/underapplied?			[overorunderappliedMOH]
	What is the adjusted cost of goods sold?			[AdjustedCGS]
	What is gross margin?			[Grossmargin]
	What is the total prime cost for Job#1?			[primecost]
	What is the total conversion cost for job #1?			[conversioncost]
	What is the total product cost for job#1?			[productcost]
	What was the period cost incurred for the month of December?			[periodcost]
	What is the total variable cost incurred for Job #1(assume that all selling and administrative cost and all manufacturing overhead costs are fixed.)?			[Variablecost]
	What is the contribution margin for Job #1 (assume that all selling and administrative cost and all manufacturing overhead costs are fixed.)?			[contributionmarginofjob1]
	What would be the actual (not applied) total fixed manufacturing overhead cost incurred for the company for the month if the order in Job #1 is for five tables instead of one table assuming this cost is with in the relevant range?

copperzebra869

I'll rate posting for sec times just do last parts likecost and balance sheet ( account balance and cost incurred ) that'sit ready question carefully then answer all last partthanks

Charles Maxwell is starting a cheesecake bakery, Able BakerCharlie Company, to produce and sell different flavored cheesecakesto restaurants and the general public. He has just begun his studyof accounting, and is a bit confused about the many types ofreports he has read about and how they will help him run hisbusiness. He asks you to help him clarify what the differencesbetween managerial accounting and financial accounting are. Heâsalso wondering how to set up his inventory, how to classify thecosts of his business, and how to fill in some missinginformation.

	Required:
1.	Choose whether thecharacteristics on the Managerial vs. Financial panel are mostoften associated with managerial accounting or financialaccounting.
2.	Charles has provided some ofthe costs he expects to incur on the Cost Classification panel.Decide on the classifications that could be applied to each ofthese costs using the table provided. The cost object in each caseis the cheesecake.
3.	Charles found some sampleincome statements and balance sheets on the Internet, and askedwhich of them might be most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness like his. Review income statements A and B on the IncomeStatements panel, and balance sheets C and D on the Balance Sheetspanel. Determine which income statement and balance sheet would bemost appropriate for a manufacturing business like Able BakerCharlie. Then, on the Financial Statements panel, denote whichincome statement and balance sheet would be most appropriate for amanufacturing business.
4.	At the end of February, afterthe second month of operations of Able Baker Charlie Company,Charles shows you the data heâs collected, but he was unable tofigure out some of the amounts. On the Costs and Balances panel,determine the missing amounts. Note: It may behelpful to use T accounts to map the flow of the amounts throughthe manufacturing accounts and solve for the missing dollarvalues.

Managerial vs. Financial

Choose whether the following characteristics are most oftenassociated with managerial accounting or financial accounting.

	Managerial Accounting	Financial Accounting
Primarily used for internal decision making
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) must beused
Prepared statements usually pertain to the company as a wholerather than individual departments or products
Information provided will often be subjective, such asestimated future results
Often prepared on an as-needed basis rather than at fixedintervals
Use principles of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board(SASB) to provide sustainability information to external financialstatement users
Consideration of sustainability practices to contribute to thecompanyâs long-term success
Using eco-efficiency measures to reduce expenses

Cost Classification

Charles has provided some of the costs he expects to incur asfollows. Decide on the classifications that could be applied toeach of these costs using the table provided. The cost object ineach case is the cheesecake.

Cost	Product	Period	Direct	Direct	Factory	Selling	Administrative	Direct	Indirect	Prime	Conversion
Cost	Cost	Cost	Materials	Labor	Overhead	Expense	Expense	Cost	Cost	Cost	Cost
Eggs used to make cheesecakes
Bakerâs wages
Delivery driver wages
Depreciation of office computers
Power to run the cheesecake ovens
Presidentâs salary
Sales commissions
Factory supervisor salary

Financial Statements

Charles found some sample income statements and balance sheetson the Internet, and asked which of them might be most appropriatefor a manufacturing business like his. Review income statements Aand B on the Income Statements panel, and balance sheets C and D onthe Balance Sheets panel. Determine which income statement andbalance sheet would be most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness like Able Baker Charlie Company.

Which income statement is most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness?

Income statement A

Income statement B

Which balance sheet is most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness?

Balance sheet C

Balance sheet D

Income Statements

Income Statement A (scroll down for Income StatementB):

Sample Company A

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8

1	Sales		$42,000.00
2	Beginning finished goods inventory	$5,250.00
3	Plus cost of goods manufactured	6,400.00
4	Cost of finished goods available for sale	$11,650.00
5	Less ending finished goods inventory	400.00
6	Cost of goods sold		11,250.00
7	Gross profit		$30,750.00
8	Operating expenses:
9	Selling expenses	$6,400.00
10	Administrative expenses	5,250.00
11	Total operating expenses		11,650.00
12	Net income		$19,100.00

Income Statement B:

Sample Company B

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8

1	Sales		$42,000.00
2	Beginning merchandise inventory	$5,250.00
3	Plus net purchases	6,400.00
4	Merchandise available for sale	$11,650.00
5	Less ending merchandise inventory	400.00
6	Cost of merchandise sold		11,250.00
7	Gross profit		$30,750.00
8	Operating expenses:
9	Selling expenses	$6,400.00
10	Administrative expenses	5,250.00
11	Total operating expenses		11,650.00
12	Net income		$19,100.00

Balance Sheets

Balance Sheet C (scroll down for Balance SheetD):

Sample Company C

Balance Sheet

December 31, 20Y8

1	Assets
2	Cash		$20,800.00
3	Accounts receivable (net)		10,000.00
4	Merchandise inventory		6,000.00
5	Supplies		2,100.00
6	Land		17,000.00
7	Total assets		$55,900.00
8	Liabilities
9	Accounts payable		$17,800.00
10	Stockholdersâ Equity
11	Common stock	$19,000.00
12	Retained earnings	19,100.00
13	Total stockholdersâ equity		38,100.00
14	Total liabilities and stockholdersâ equity		$55,900.00

Balance Sheet D:

Sample Company D

Balance Sheet

December 31, 20Y8

1	Assets
2	Cash		$20,800.00
3	Accounts receivable (net)		10,000.00
4	Inventories:
5	Finished goods	$2,000.00
6	Work in process	1,500.00
7	Materials	2,500.00	6,000.00
8	Supplies		2,100.00
9	Land		17,000.00
10	Total assets		$55,900.00
11	Liabilities
12	Accounts payable		$17,800.00
13	Stockholdersâ Equity
14	Common stock	$19,000.00
15	Retained earnings	19,100.00
16	Total stockholdersâ equity		38,100.00
17	Total liabilities and stockholdersâ equity		$55,900.00

Costs and Balances

At the end of February, after the second month of operationsof Able Baker Charlie Company, Charles shows you the data heâscollected, but he was unable to figure out some of the amounts.Review the following data and fill in the missing amounts on thechart for Able Baker Charlie Company. Note: It maybe helpful to use T accounts to map the flow of the amounts throughthe manufacturing accounts and solve for the missing dollar values.It may also be helpful to review the steps for determining the costof materials used, total manufacturing cost incurred, and cost ofgoods manufactured.

Data forFebruary
Decrease in materialsinventory	$3,300
Materials inventory on Feb. 28	50% of materials inventory on Jan.31
Direct materials purchased	$12,600
Direct materials used	3 times the direct laborincurred
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	$29,400
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	70% of Cost of GoodsManufactured
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	$7,000 less than Cost of GoodsSold

Account	Account Balances		Costs Incurred
Account	Jan.31	Feb.28	Costs Incurred
Materials Inventory			DirectMaterials Used
Work inProcess Inventory	$27,000		DirectLabor Incurred
FinishedGoods Inventory		$16,000	FactoryOverhead Incurred
			Cost ofGoods Sold

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ACCT 2230 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Marginal Cost, Sunk Costs, Fixed Cost

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