GEOG 3490 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Agenda 21, Dependent And Independent Variables, Work Ethic
30 Jun 2018
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Chapter 4: Tourism and Sustainability
•Sustainability is widely used by many in a meaningless and anodyne way - in that, the
implications are anything but sustainable."
•Even in tourism, this term the definition of this term is manipulated according to whomever
needs it."
•The study of tourism has had to adapt itself to the creation of a new discipline known as
“sustainable tourism”."
•This chapter examines the number of principles often applied to sustainability in tours and
the tools and techniques commonly used to measure and describe sustainability."
Mass tourism and the origins of new forms or tourism
•There was a phenomenal rise in the importance of taking holidays collectively at a distance
from our home."
•Technological developments such as the railways, the motor car and the wide-bodied jet
really boosted this stimulus."
The models
•In order to critique the the current political and developmental contexts of the tourism
industry, explanatory models of tourism development must be examined "
•These are generally deficit as they fail to account for the distribution of power"
•These models can be grouped into those which explain the tourist’s motivation, those which
explain the role of the tourist industry, and those which explain the development of the
destination community "
1. The simplest model, which serves as a definition of tourism is an equation provided by
Smith (1989)"
T = L + I + M"
where,"
T = tourism"
L = leisure time"
I = discretionary income (surplus income)"
M = positive local sanctions (motivations) "
•The leisure time has increased for majority of working class since the Second World War. "
•Discretionary income is now more commonly used in pursuit of happiness instead of
saving it for future security"
•Motivation means factors that prompt the tourist to tour (often spring from escapist
motivation)"
This equation is not a precise representation - as it does not offer explicit recognition of the
importance of the structure of power over the activity."
2. Another simplistic model by Jost Krippendorf known as the Model of Life reflected the
historical change in the balance of work and leisure in the lives of industrial and urbanized
populations. "
(Work-Home-Free Time-Travel)"
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3. Murphy cites that there are 3 critical growth factors in the evolution of tourism: motivation,
ability and motility. He characterizes each of these factors in four chronological eras of
development: pre-industrial; industrial; consumer society; and the future."
All of these models, thus far, fail to offer an analysis of their relationship with the prevailing
power structures. "
4. This model offered by Chang Not is a little flippant but does explicitly base itself on the
prevailing structure of power (and also related to 3rd World countries). Model is not based
on academic research. He suggests there are 3 stages of tourism development that can be
viewed throughout Thailand:"
1. Start with place of outstanding beauty… impose no controls, scatter garbage, allow
get-rich-quick entrepreneurs to encroach."
2. Resort is popular but losing its natural charm. Build large, luxurious hotels, import girls."
3. Natural beauty is completely obliterated - develop the raises as a male fantasy theme
park, add anything with testosterone appeal."
5. Framework models have addressed sustainable tourism development which helps
understand development issues and impacts. They are positive in the sense that they seek
to provide solutions to development problems and in this context they seek to overcome
poverty.They are different from older models which base their strategy on assumptions
about what should be done rather than on an understanding of the current and studied
situation. "
Box 4.1: Studies in tourism
Structure of the tourism industry
•Attempts to identify the main actors and structures in the tourism industry usually take the
form of a cow diagram."
Impacts of tourism development
•Impacts listed under 3 main headings - environment, economic, and social-cultural"
Models of tourism development
•Looking at the way holiday destinations move from boom to bust"
•Many examples of this includes the “index of irritation” and the resort life cycle model"
Tourist typologies and motivational characteristics
•Many try to place tourists into boxes, and others have set off “tourist spotting”"
Sustainable livelihoods approach in tourism
•Positive attempt to relate tourism development to both sustainability and the alleviation of
poverty"
•Framework that helps understand poverty and as a set of guidelines for overcoming poverty"
The “ethics”
•Models can explain tourist behaviour patterns through the contexts of ideology and/or
political developments"
•For example: work ethic - relates the pursuits of moral rectitude and economic survival as the
principal motives for people’s actions - work ethic both supports and justifies capitalist
economic development and ideology."
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•Work ethic is being overshadowed by something called leisure ethics. They are closely
related except that in many minds, leisure ethics = not work."
•Work ethic proportional to economic survival and leisure ethic proportional to pursuit of
hedonism. "
•Work ethic and leisure ethic are not mutually exclusive."
•Leisure ethic has 2 different faces at present - urban salaried westerner and local people who
cater to the former."
•Leisure ethic has not yet overtaken it, save for a few wealthy societies. "
•Another ethic that has recently risen is the notion of conservation ethic. "
•The two recent ethics, leisure and conservation, are closely associated. The former reflects
the economic power of the individual tourist, and the latter reflects their ability or desire to
impose that power on the areas, communities and populations that they wish to visit."
•The conservation ethic is supported by many big environmental and conservation
organization in order to persevere places people wish to travel."
•The conservation ethic “provides the framework within which all marketing and travelling
should take place” "
•The New Moral Tourism - search for enlightenment in other places and desire to preserve
these places"
•The structures of power in the industry are a crucial explanatory variable of the growth,
development, patterns and types of tourism practised - these are alluded to in an
understanding of the ethics"
The growth
•The facility to take a holiday (leisure) has spread since the 1960s."
•This has had a profound effect on many areas of the world which now serve as receivers of
tourists. "
•Prosser (some dude) has identified 5 peripheral regions of the world which have been
successively commodified for the tourist industry."
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Document Summary
Sustainable tourism : this chapter examines the number of principles often applied to sustainability in tours and the tools and techniques commonly used to measure and describe sustainability. T = l + i + m where, This equation is not a precise representation - as it does not o er explicit recognition of the importance of the structure of power over the activity. He characterizes each of these factors in four chronological eras of development: pre-industrial; industrial; consumer society; and the future. Structure of the tourism industry: attempts to identify the main actors and structures in the tourism industry usually take the form of a cow diagram. Impacts of tourism development: impacts listed under 3 main headings - environment, economic, and social-cultural. Models of tourism development: looking at the way holiday destinations move from boom to bust, many examples of this includes the index of irritation and the resort life cycle model.
