LING 2400 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Voice-Onset Time, Vocal Folds, Interjection
29 Jun 2018
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PHONETICS CH6: AIRSTREAM MECHANISMS AND PHONATION
TYPES
AIRSTREAM MECHANISM
-Source of power= air coming out of lungs
-Pulmonic airstream mechanism: lung air is pushed out
-Plosives: Stops that use only an egressive, outward-moving, pulmonic airstream
-Speech sounds produced by moving different bodies of air
-Glottal stops, air in the vocal tract itself will form a body of air that can be moved
-Upward movement of the closed glottic will move air out of mouth
-Downward movement will cause air to be sucked into mouth
-^^ these two actions are glottal airstream mechanism ^^
-Egressive glottal airstream mechanism occurs in
18% of languages
-Ejectives: stops made with a glottal egressive
airstream mechanism ( ejective is an apostrophe [‘]
placed after a symbol
-Ejectives of different kinds occur in a wide variety of
languages
-Figure 6.2, both of these syllables begin with a short burst of noise- the release burst of the
stop
-[t̯], vowel starts about 30 milliseconds later, while in the glottal egressive stop [t̯’] gap of over
120 milliseconds and then a second stop release burst
-
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-Some make ejectives at the ends of words in English , particularly in sentence final position
-ex. in word bike, final [k]. If the velar stop is released while the glottal stop is still being
held, a weak ejective may be heard
-Hold your breath make a [k] sound ( makes ejective stop) glottis remains closed because
you are holing your breath
-Recognize raise the glottis by singing low not to high
-Ex. another way to produce an ejective is to start from the usual pronunciation of button
and trying to finish the word with a [^] instead of the nasal [n]
-Implosives: stops made with an ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism
-Downward- moving larynx is not usually completely closed
-Implosives we have measured the articulatory closure, lips coming together- occurs first
-Downward movement of the glottic occurs next causing a reduction in the pressure of the air
in the oral tract
-Plosive [b] increases in the pressure of the air in the vocal tract
-top line illustrates implosive
-Implosives have a small hook on the top of the regular symbol
-consonants [ɖ] and [ɗ] Start with a short period of low amplitude voicing
-Pulmonic voiced stop [ɖ] longer voice bar than the glottalic ingressive stop [ɗ]
-Other difference between [ɖ] and [ɗ], contracts between implosive and plosive
-Implosive [ɗ] grows louder overtime, while pulmonic stop [ɖ] the amplitude of the voice
bar decreases over time
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-Make implosive by starting from a fully voiced plosive. [aba], making voicing continues
throughout the closure. Say slowly vocal fold vibrations. Release the closure before the
voicing stops
-The larynx moves down in these circumstances. Maintain voicing throughout a [b], air must
continue to flow through the glottic
-Languages seem to develop implosive from plosive . See the present implosive are out of
older voiced plosive in this way; the present contrasting voiced plosives are due to later
influences of neighbouring languages
-Used in producing clicks, such as the interjection expressing disapproval (tuttut or tsktsk)
-Another type commonly used to show approval
-Easiest click is the gentle-kiss-with-pursed-lips type , air rushes into the mouth with your lips
come apart. while making this sound, you can continue breathing through your nose cause
the back of the tongue is touching the velum
-Velaric airstream mechanism: movement of the body of air in the mouth (clicks stops made
with an ingestive velaric airstream mechanism)
-Possible to use this mechanism to cause the airstream to flow outward by raising the tongue
and squeezing the contained body of air , not actually used in language
EXAMPLE 6.5:
-a dental click
-lateral click symbol is [ll] a pair of vertical
strokes
-Clicked also be made with the tip of the
tongue touching the posterior part of the
alveolar ridge symbol [!]
-Production of click sounds, there is a velar
closure, and the body of air involved is in
this closure
-Co-occurrence of a nasal and a click by
writing a tie bar [ ͡. ] over the two symbols
Document Summary
Source of power= air coming out of lungs. Pulmonic airstream mechanism: lung air is pushed out. Plosives: stops that use only an egressive, outward-moving, pulmonic airstream. Speech sounds produced by moving different bodies of air. Glottal stops, air in the vocal tract itself will form a body of air that can be moved. Upward movement of the closed glottic will move air out of mouth. Downward movement will cause air to be sucked into mouth. ^^ these two actions are glottal airstream mechanism ^^ Ejectives: stops made with a glottal egressive airstream mechanism ( ejective is an apostrophe [ ] placed after a symbol. Ejectives of different kinds occur in a wide variety of languages. Figure 6. 2, both of these syllables begin with a short burst of noise- the release burst of the stop. [t ], vowel starts about 30 milliseconds later, while in the glottal egressive stop [t "] gap of over.
