POLS 3440 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Wolters Kluwer, Harold Cogger, Social Equality
9 Jan 2017
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John a. gardiner, defining corruption, corruption and reform, vol. Defining corruption is not easy and although the consensus is that corruption refers to the abuse of public roles and resources, it is not that simple and boundaries are unclear. Corruption is closely tied with other concepts like fraud and are sometimes mixed up. Some forms of corruption involve clear and direct benefits for participants, but others may not. By public opinion: how the people in a nation define corruption as a guide for officials, problem: public opinion is hard to gauge and varies greatly. Behavior which deviates from the normal duties of a public role because of personal (family, close private clique) pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of personal influence. Often includes bribery, nepotism, patronage, and misappropriation that which happens in a public figures private life (ex.
