SOC 1500 Chapter Notes - Chapter 13: Prison, Uptodate, Sex Offender
1 Jun 2018
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SOC 1500
CHAPTER 13
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: PROBATION AND PAROLE
Introduction
• Most Canadian offenders serve their sentences in the community
• Community based sentences are the most effective way to respond to crime
• 2 main sets of thoughts on how to supervise probationers or parolees
o Supporters of the crime control perspective will likely favour surveillance and control
▪ Monitoring conditions, rigorous rule enforcement and threats of incarceration
to deter offenders from committing further infractions
o Supports of the due process model will likely favour the rehabilitative model
▪ Supportive casework and the provision of programming and services to address
underlying criminogenic deficits
A Short history of Community Corrections in Canada
• Probation
o Adult probation was slow to be accepted
o Caseload
▪ The number of offenders under the supervision of a probation or parole officer
o Case plans
▪ The roadap for a offeder’s rehailitatio that is deeloped y the
offender and the case worker
• Federal Parole
o Ticket of leave
▪ A release established in penal colonies for prisoners demonstrated positive
changes and were considered rehabilitated
▪ Gave offenders more privileges such as the ability to seek employment, marry
(or bring their families to the colony), and eventually earn their return to
England
o Homicide offenders are at the lowest risk of recidivism once released and they are very
unlikely to be involved inn violent crime
o Cascading
▪ A ter used y the Corretioal “erie of Caada to refer to a offeder’s
movement to lower levels of supervision, such as from medium- to minimum-
security facilities
o Offenders who are successful in day parole may apply for full parole
▪ A less restrictive form of parole granted by the Parole Board of Canada to
federal offenders who have been successful in day parole
o Prisoners who are not paroled are released on statutory release
▪ A form of release granted after federal offenders with determinate sentences of
3 years of longer have served 2/3 of their sentences
An Overview of Probation
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• Goals of these organizations are to supervise offenders in the community in a number of
programs
o Administer alternative measures programs where minor offenders are diverted from the
formal justice system
o Supervise offenders serving probationary sentences
o Supervise individuals serving conditional sentences
o Deliver rehabilitative programs
▪ Addictions education and sexual offender treatment programs
o Supervise offenders on provincial parole (in Ontario and Quebec) or temporary
absences from custody longer than 72 hours
▪ Provincial parole
• Provincial parole boards are operated in Ontario and Quebec for
offenders in provincial correctional centres, while offenders serving less
than two years in all of the remaining provinces and territories can
apply to the Parole Board of Canada for early releases
o Oversee fine option programs
o Administer community service work programs
o Prepare investigations for the courts
• Probation: Moving Toward Specialization
o In small towns
▪ Caseloads tend to be mixed and the officer supervises all the offenders in their
area
o In urban areas
▪ Caseloads tend to be more specialized
▪ Sexual offender caseloads tend to be smaller while those for low-risk offenders
are higher because they require less supervision
o Five most frequent types of cases were
▪ Impaired driving
▪ Theft
▪ Common assault
▪ Failure to comply with order
▪ Breach of probation
• Focusing on High-Risk Probationers
o Smaller group of probationers with high risks and unmet treatment needs related to
▪ Unresolved addiction issues
▪ Mental health problems
▪ Negative peer group associations
• Gang members
▪ Poor employment histories
▪ Criminogenic attitudes and beliefs
o Intensive supervision probation
▪ Places higher levels of supervision on high-risk probationers, and probation
officers typically meet more frequently with these offenders
▪ Study of intensive supervision probation with high-risk probationers
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