AFM231 Chapter Notes - Chapter 27: Personal Bankruptcy, Secured Creditor, Meet Bill
Chapter 27- Bankruptcy and Insolvency
Business law in practice
• Recall from last chapter that Bill and Martha borrowed $250k from the bank to finance their
epasio. $ as a ortgage o Hoeto’s lad ad uildig, $k as a lie of redit
seured Hoeto’s ietor ad A/R. Bill ad Martha persoall guaranteed it.
• The expansion failed
• Bill also orroed $k fro his rother George ad he as also uder pressure to pa Hoeto’s
overdue account to a major supplier- Good Lumber.
• He sold land that the company owned adjacent to the store and paid $20k to Good Lumber
and repaid George.
• Hoeto’s assets osist of the lad ad uildig sujet to ortgage o hih the usiess Is
located, inventory, A/R, and a few pieces of equipment.
• Hoeto’s liailities ilude the ortgage, the lie of redit, A/P, property taxes, and a
shareholder loan of $70k owed to Bill.
• Hometown is also late in remitting its employee source deductions to the government
• Bill would like to keep his business open and draw his regular salary for as long as possible.
• He is concerned that if Hometown stops making payments to the bank or suppliers, they will take
some kind of legal action.
BUSINESS FAILURE
• When overall economy experiences a downtown, even strong businesses may run into financial
difficulty
• Hometown is caught in a declining economy
• Threatened by big-box retailers
• Hometown must deal with cash-flow problems, persistent and competing creditors, and possible
legal actions
• To ensure all stakeholders are treated fairly, bankruptcy and insolvency law has evolved
• In Canada: Bakrupt ad Isole ACT BIA ad Copaies’ Creditors Arrageet At
(CCAA)
INFORMAL STEPS
• Before contemplating bankruptcy, Hometown may first try to solve its financial problems by way of
a negotiated settlement
• Try to convince the creditors that the business can be salvaged so they would be willing to
make concessions in terms of payment
• Creditors may agree to meet Bill and possibly with the services of a professional facilitator and reach
an agreement that either allows Hometown to continue operating or wind up its affairs without the
need for expensive legal proceedings
• More creditor= less likely to reach consensus
• Creditors ill agree if the eliee that i the log ru, it’ll e good for the tha legal proeedigs
and bankruptcy
• Care for some creditors that will push through agreements that are unfair to other creditors
• Facilitators are therefore there to identify these risks
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• When business is in serious financial trouble, negotiations may not be a viable option
• Creditors may refuse to partiipate eause the’e deided its ot i their est iterest to
facilitate
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE BANKRUPTCY
• Formal proceedings
• Seek advice from a lawyer or accountant with insolvency expertise to understand all available
options
• If Billy decides that bankruptcy is the best or only option, he will need the services of a trustee in
bankruptcy
• Trustee i akrupt ill usuall agree to take o atter if there’s o oflit of iterest
present and the debtor has sufficient assets to pa for the trustee’s series
• The trustee will explain the options available to Hometown. Begin to assess the estate (the
collective term for the assets of a bankrupt individual or corporation) and prepare a
preliminary statement of assets and liabilities
• Bill and Martha may also become bankrupt because of personal guarantees
• The trustee will then prepare a statement such as shown in the figure below
• From the initial assessment, Hometown is insolvent (unable to meet financial obligations as they
become due or having insufficient assets, if liquidated, to meet financial obligations) that is
Hometown owes more than $1000 and
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Is unable to meet its obligations as they become due or
• Has creased paying its obligations as they become due or
• Has assets with a fair market value less than its liabilities
• Insolvency and bankruptcy is not the same
• Isole is a fatual atter relatig to a perso’s assets ad liailities or his ailit to pa
his debts
• Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism whereby the assets of an insolvent person are transferred
to a trustee, liquidated, and the net proceeds are distributed to creditors in a manner
determined by the BIA.
PROPOSALS AND ARRANGEMENTS
• It may be possible for an insolvent debtor to avoid bankruptcy by making a proposal or entering into
an arrangement with creditors
• A business is worth more to stakeholders as a going concern than if its forced to liquidate all
its assets
Proposals under the BIA
• Allows a debtor to restructure its debt in order to avoid bankruptcy
• Debtor offers creditors a percentage of what is owed to them, or to extend the time for
payment of debts, or a combination of both
• Goal is to restructure the debts for the debtors to be able to pay them. As long as creditors
get more out of this than a bankruptcy
• Two types of proposals under the BIA
• Division I proposals are available to individuals and corporations with no limit on the total
amount of debt that is owed
• Division II proposals are available to individuals with total debts less than $250k. This
proposal is ko as osuer proposals
• In either case, the debtor works with trustee to develop a proposal and then stop making payments
to its unsecured creditors. Lawsuits against the debtor by creditors are stayed (stopped)
• In case of Division I, the creditors will meet up to vote on the proposal and get an estimate
on the amount they expect to receive
• The proposal is approved if 2/3 of the amounts owned and a majority in number
voted in acceptance and be approved by court
• Debtors will make payments scheduled by the proposal and be released from debts
if debtor complied with everything. Division I give business the opportunity to
remain in business and be successful.
• If not approved by creditors, the debtor is deemed to be bankrupt and the business
will cease to exist as of that date
• In case of Division II, there may or may not be a meeting
• The proposal is approved if creditors representing a majority accept it ad it’ll e
legally binding on all unsecured creditors
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com