AFM231 Chapter Notes - Chapter 13: Apparent Authority, Insurance Broker, Uberrima Fides

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Agency: a relationship that exists when one party represents another party in the formation of legal
relations
Agent: a person who is authorized to act on behalf of another
Principal: a person who has permitted another to act on their behalf
Agency Defined
Outsider: the part with whom the agent does business on behalf of the principal
Law of agency: the law governing the relationship where one part, the agent, acts on behalf of
another, the principal
Agency by agreement
Principal authorizes an agent to act on their behalf and the agent agreeing to do some for a fee or
renumeration
Usually occurs through a contract written for that single purpose
Power of attorney: an agency agreement in writing and under seal
The Concept of Authority
Determines whether there is a contract between the principal and the outsider
Actual authority: the power of an agent that derives from either express or implied agreement
o Express authority is the written or oral authority granted by the principal to the agent and is
an authority the agent actually has
o Implied authority is authority an agent has but it is present by implication only
Inferred from the agent's position
Necessary to carry out or implement the agent's express authority
Arises by virtue of a well-recognized custom in a particular, trade, industry or
profession
Apparent authority: the power an agent appears to have to an outsider because of conduct or
statements of the principal
o As long as an agent is acting within apparent authority, the principal will be bound by the
transaction unless the third party know about the limitation of authority
Agency by estoppel: agency relationship created when the principal acts so the third parties reasonably
conclude that an agency relationship exists
Principal is bound by the contract, must live with the consequences of acting like someone is their
agent
Agency relationship can be created by estoppel if the principal indicates another is their agent
even if no agency relationship exists
Agency by estoppel may operate if an agency relationship is terminated or an agent's authority is
curtailed
Responsibility is on the principal to inform the outsider when a person is no longer their agent
o Must also inform outsiders about any limitation on the agent's usual authority
Agency by ratification: agency relationship created when one party adopts a contract entered into their
behalf by another who at the time acted without authority
Agent has no authority to do what they are doing
Principal may make a decision of whether or not they wish to accept the contract
A principal can only ratify a contract if
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